Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.
PCR: polymerase chain reaction, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IHA: indirect hemagglutination assay
| Study ID | Publication year | Study design | State | Study population(s) | Assessment | Sample size | Gender | Participants' age (years) |
| Abakar et al. [8] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | Patients | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 150 | Both | 5-≥35 |
| Elfaki et al. [25] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Kassala | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 100 | Both | Mean: 19±13 |
| Abdalla et al. [40] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 102 | Not determined | 6-20 |
| Abdalla [42] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 1,257 | Not determined | 5-19 |
| Abdelgadir et al. [73] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | Pregnant women | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 292 | Females | Not determined |
| Abdelrhman et al. [9] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 200 | Both | 6-≥15 |
| Abdo et al. [59] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | School-age children and general population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 203 | Males | 10-55 |
| Abou-Zeid et al. [18] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Southern Kordofan | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 1,826 | Both | Not determined |
| Abou-Zeid et al. [70] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Southern Kordofan | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 2,302 | Both | <8-≥12 |
| Afifi et al. [51] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Kassala | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 2,433 | Both | 1-≥50 |
| Ahmed et al. [35] | 2012 | Cohort | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 2,741 | Both | 6-15 |
| Ahmed et al. [10] | 2012 | Cohort | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 420 | Both | 1-16 |
| Ahmed et al. [31] | 2015 | Cohort | Khartoum | Suspected patients | Prevalence (radiological methods) | 109 | Both | Mean: 58 |
| Al-Basheer et al. [16] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 150 | Males | <11-≥11 |
| Alsanosi et al. [67] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | Children (general population) | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 240 | Both | ≤16 |
| Altijani et al. [63] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 182 | Both | 5-14 |
| Amin et al. [48] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 500 | Both | 11-14 |
| Bakhit et al. [54] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 1,029 | Both | Mean: 15 |
| Cha et al. [43] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | All 18 states of Sudan | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 105,167 | Both | Not determined |
| Cha et al. [56] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 2,784 | Both | ≤9-≥13 |
| Deribe et al. [69] | 2011 | Cross-sectional | South Darfur | School-age children and general population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 811 | Both | ≤5->15 |
| El-amin et al. [36] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods, radiological methods, and PCR) | 438 | Both | Mean: 11 |
| Elbasheir et al. [58] | 2020 | Longitudinal survey | Sennar | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 489 | Both | 5-15 |
| Elfadol et al. [38] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 314 | Both | 7-18 |
| Elfaki et al. [66] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Kassala | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 75 | Both | Mean: 17 |
| Elfaki et al. [37] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factor | 141 | Males | 15-55 |
| Elfaki et al. [64] | 2016 | Retrospective | Kassala | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods and PCR) and risk factors | 234 | Both | 4-85 |
| Elfaki et al. [20] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 160 | Both | Not determined |
| Elhag et al. [65] | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods and ELISA) and risk factors | 208 | Both | 4-80 |
| Elmadani et al. [57] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological and radiological methods) | 103 | Males | 7-20 |
| Elmadhoun et al. [41] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | River Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 2,490 | Both | 8-19 |
| Elmekki et al. [50] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum and Kassala | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 770 | both | 4-85 |
| Elsammani et al. [55] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 600 | Both | 6-15 |
| Elsiddig et al. [14] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 385 | Both | 6-15 |
| Gasmelseed et al. [44] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological and radiological methods) | 438 | Both | 6-20 |
| Gasmelseed et al. [26] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological and radiological methods, and PCR) | 83 | Males | 6-20 |
| Hajissa et al. [33] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 170 | Both | 6-17 |
| Hamad et al. [46] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | River Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 200 | Not determined | Not determined |
| Hassan et al. [22] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 134 | Both | 6-14 |
| Ibrahim et al. [21] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Sennar | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods, ELISA, and IHA) | 214 | Both | 6-16 |
| Ibrahim et al. [62] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Sennar | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 396 | Both | 9-16 |
| Ismail et al. [49] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 338 | Both | 7-15 |
| Jin et al. [27] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | All 18 states of Sudan | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 105,167 | Both | Mean: 11 |
| Jin et al. [19] | 2020 | Cohort | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 1,286 | Both | 6-16 |
| Jin et al. [29] | 2021 | Cohort | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 1,951 | Both | Mean: 9 |
| Kardaman et al. [74] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 286 | Both | 3-14 |
| Kassar [39] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | North Kordofan | School-age children | Risk factors | 310 | Both | 8-16 |
| Kebayer et al. [34] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Kassala | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 190 | Both | 1-99 |
| Khalid et al. [13] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Gezira | Pregnant women | Risk factors | 292 | Female | Not determined |
| Kim et al. [11] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children and general population | Prevalence (parasitological and radiological methods) | 1,462 | Both | 1-80 |
| Lee et al. [23] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children and general population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 561,517 | Both | Not determined |
| Lee et al. [45] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 1,138 | Both | 0-<30 |
| Mahgoub et al. [60] | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Kassala | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 640 | Both | 8-18 |
| Mahmood [12] | 2016 | Case-control | Khartoum | School-age children | Risk factors | 768 | Both | 8-15 |
| Malik et al. [61] | 2021 | Case-control | White Nile | Fishermen | Prevalence (parasitological methods, ELISA, and immunological assays) | 119 | Males | 14-77 |
| Mohamed et al. [15] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Kassala | General population | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 770 | Both | 4-85 |
| Mohammed et al. [17] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 475 | Both | 6-15 |
| Omer et al. [71] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | River Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 1,188 | Both | 6-18 |
| Osman et al. [28] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 300 | Both | 5-13 |
| Osman et al. [68] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Northern State | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 1,557 | Males | 6-13 |
| Salah et al. [52] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Gedarif | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 480 | Both | Mean: 18 |
| Sulieman et al. [30] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | River Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 385 | Both | 7-≥14 |
| Suliman et al. [72] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 347 | Both | 10-17 |
| Taha et al. [47] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Khartoum | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) | 1,205 | Both | 6-14 |
| Talab et al. [24] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Risk factors | 420 | Both | 9-17 |
| Tamomh et al. [32] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Prevalence (parasitological methods) and risk factors | 480 | Both | 5-≥12 |
| Tamomh et al. [53] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | White Nile | School-age children | Risk factors | 480 | Both | 5-≥12 |