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. 2024 Dec 19;19:169. doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-01041-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — ZSWF prevented brain endothelial cells senescence in DCI mice. A Heatmap showing the top 20 most enriched genes for each gruop. B Violin plot showing the distribution of expression levels of Cdkn1a in endothelial cells of each group. C Dotplot showing the expression levels of SASP genes (such as Ccl3, Tnfrsf10b, Nfkbid, Nfkb1, Plat, and Ang) in endothelial cells of each group, the colors on the right of the picture represent the average expression level of these genes, and the circles represent the percentage distribution of these genes in each group of cells. D Dotplot showing the expression levels of well-known representative marker genes in vascular endothelial cells. E Umap showing the distribution of endothelial cell subtypes (ART, arterial endothelial cell; VN, venous endothelial cell; CapA, capillary arterial endothelial cell; CapV, capillary venous endothelial cell) in each group. F Dotplot showing the expression levels of SASP genes (such as Ccl3, Tnfrsf10b, Nfkbid, Nfkb1, Plat, Ang, Vcam1, and Icam1) in each endothelial cell subtype of three groups. G Umap showing the distribution of expression levels of Cdkn1a in endothelial cell subtype of each group. H Umap showing the expression levels of SASP genes set (such as Ccl3, Tnfrsf10b, Nfkbid, Nfkb1, Plat, and Ang) and senescence upstream genes set (such as Kra, Map2k6, Mapk14, and Foxo1) in endothelial cell subtype of each group. I Umap showing the expression levels of leukocyte adhesion molecules (Vcam1 and Icam1) in endothelial cell subtype of each group. J Immunofluorescence depicting the expression of senescence signature proteins (Cdkn1a, red) in endothelial cells (CD31, green) of each group (scale bar, 20 µm)