Table 1.

Socio-demographic features (%) of the Pakistani and Italian respondents, and of the entire consumers’ sample

Socio-demographic variables	Answers	Pakistan (n = 401)	Italy (n = 550)	Total (n = 951)	Χ2	Sig.2
		42.5	57.5	100	27.9	*
Region	Faisalabad	38.5	-	16.6	n.a
	Jhang	18.2	-	7.7
	Multan	26.6	-	10.8
	Okara	16.7	-	6.9
	Lombardy	-	30.3	17.2
	Piedmont	-	39.2	23.6
	Emilia Romagna	-	13.5	7.9
	Veneto	-	17.0	9.2
Gender	Man	57.8	51.8	51.9	21.0	***
	Woman	39.9	47.5	46.8
	I prefer not to answer	2.3	0.7	1.3
Age range	18–27	57.3	40.1	47.4	80.0	***
	28–37	22.4	13.8	17.4
	38–47	10.6	13.0	12.0
	48–57	5.8	16.5	12.0
	58–67	3.3	10.8	7.6
	≥ 68	0.6	5.8	3.6
Education	Primary school	2.0	0.2	1.0	252.7	***
	Lower secondary school	3.0	8.2	6.0
	Upper secondary school	28.5	42.6	36.6
	Master’s degree	66.5	49.0	56.4
Employment status	Employee	19.9	46.4	35.2	151.4	***
	Student	43.4	25.4	33.1
	Self-employed	9.4	15.4	12.9
	Retired	5.4	9.6	7.8
	Looking for a job	12.0	1.9	6.1
	Houseman/housewife	9.9	1.3	4.9
Family size (number of family member)	1	0.5	22.7	13.1	937.0	***
	2	1.0	24.3	14.3
	3	7.0	31.8	21.1
	4	15.8	15.1	15.2
	> 4	75.7	6.1	36.3
Annual average household income of the familya	< 50.000 PKR	16.1	-	7.0	n.a
	50.000 – 100.000 PKR	44.0	-	18.6
	> 100 .000 PKR	39.9	-	16.8
	< 25.000 €	-	16.7	9.8
	25.000 – 40.000 €	-	32.3	18.6
	40.000 – 60.000 €	-	18.7	10.7
	> 60.000 €	-	8.2	4.8
	I prefer not to answer	-	24.1	13.7
Level of income satisfaction	Very difficult	5.8	1.9	3.5	24.0	***
	Difficult	19.6	15.0	17.0
	Satisfying	64.0	77.0	71.5
	Very satisfying	10.6	6.1	8.0

^aPKR Pakistani Rupee; €, Euros

²Significance level: ***P-value < 0.001; *P -value < 0.05. n.a. Not applicable