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. 2024 Dec 18;12:746. doi: 10.1186/s40359-024-02243-1

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Path diagram of Model 1 presenting standardised coefficients. Note: Covariance between variables and model covariate paths not shown for simplicity of graph. A higher processing speed score is worse ability, hence the negative coefficient. Abbreviations: BDR = Backwards Digit Recall, FDR = Forwards Digit Recall, GPS = Grammar, Punctuation & Spelling, EAL = English as an Additional Language