Table 2.

Association between coffee consumption and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)

MACE	No. of events	Person-years	Incidence rate per 100 person-years	Cox regression model 1 HR (95% CI)	Cox regression model 2 HR (95% CI)	Cox regression model 3 (lifestyle) HR (95% CI)
Overall	979	17,636	5.55
Not-daily Non-consumer (0 cup/day) Very low consumer (< 1 cup/day)	253	3377	7.49	Ref	Ref
Daily	726	14,260	5.09	0.74 (0.64;0.85)	0.76 (0.66;0.88)	0.77 (0.66; 0.89)
Low consumer (1 cup/day)	216	3591	6.02	0.80 (0.67;0.96)	0.84 (0.70;1.01)	0.83 (0.69; 1.00)
Moderate consumer (2–3 cups/day)	418	8665	4.82	0.70 (0.60;0.82)	0.72 (0.61;0.84)	0.74 (0.63; 0.87)
High consumer (≥ 4 cups/day)	92	2004	4.59	0.79 (0.62;1.00)	0.80 (0.63;1.01)	0.77 (0.60; 0.99)
p-value for linear trend				0.02	0.03	0.02
p-value for quadratic trend				0.02	0.06	0.13

MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events): composite of hospitalization for acute heart failure, stroke and systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular mortality. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: additionally adjusted for education (basic, middle, high), hypertension, history of heart failure, history of stroke, transient ischemic attack or systemic embolism, history of coronary artery disease, history of diabetes, history of renal failure, body mass index, AF type, oral anticoagulation, betablocker and antiarrhythmic drugs. Model 3 (lifestyle) was additionally adjusted for active smoking, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, and healthy diet