Table 2.
Comparison of clinical indicators in training and validation cohorts
| Training cohort (n = 324) | Validation cohort (n = 140) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTEPD (n = 89) | Non-CTEPD (n = 235) | p value | CTEPD (n = 41) | Non-CTEPD (n = 99) | p value | |
| Male (n, %) | 42 (47.19%) | 115 (48.94%) | 0.779 | 18 (43.90%) | 49 (49.49%) | 0.547 |
| Age (years) | 61.25 ± 14.36 | 64.25 ± 13.30 | 0.078 | 62.71 ± 14.10 | 64.72 ± 15.15 | 0.465 |
| BMI (kg·m− 2) | 24.21 ± 3.89 | 24.81 ± 3.94 | 0.287 | 25.44 ± 3.85 | 23.99 ± 3.78 | 0.086 |
| Temperature (℃) | 39.89 ± 31.75 | 36.55 ± 0.40 | 0.613 | 36.50 ± 0.39 | 36.48 ± 0.46 | 0.857 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.80 ± 15.73 | 128.29 ± 19.55 | 0.846 | 124.90 ± 16.31 | 130.02 ± 20.53 | 0.159 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.54 ± 11.37 | 83.97 ± 55.50 | 0.508 | 80.05 ± 11.63 | 81.42 ± 11.55 | 0.52 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 86.13 ± 14.08 | 83.43 ± 14.62 | 0.134 | 84.90 ± 13.28 | 82.86 ± 12.29 | 0.381 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 19.67 ± 2.30 | 19.52 ± 2.66 | 0.627 | 21.63 ± 10.60 | 20.39 ± 9.33 | 0.505 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Dyspnea (n, %) | 65 (73.03%) | 121 (51.49%) | 0.001 | 33 (80.49%) | 53 (53.54%) | 0.004 |
| Chest pain (n, %) | 5 (5.62%) | 26 (11.06%) | 0.144 | 0 (0.00%) | 9 (9.09%) | 0.999 |
| Hemoptysis (n, %) | 5 (5.62%) | 14 (5.96%) | 0.908 | 2 (4.88%) | 7 (7.07%) | 0.632 |
| Syncope (n, %) | 8 (8.99%) | 8 (3.40%) | 0.046 | 2 (4.88%) | 5 (5.05%) | 0.966 |
| Time-to-diagnosis ≥ 15 days (n, %) | 61 (68.54%) | 51 (21.70%) | < 0.001 | 22 (53.66%) | 16 (16.16%) | < 0.001 |
| RPE (n, %) | 16 (17.98%) | 5 (2.13%) | < 0.001 | 7 (17.07%) | 3 (3.03%) | 0.009 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (n, %) | 23 (25.84%) | 86 (36.60%) | 0.069 | 14 (34.15%) | 30 (30.30%) | 0.656 |
| CHD (n, %) | 20 (22.47%) | 47 (20.00%) | 0.624 | 7 (17.07%) | 18 (18.18%) | 0.876 |
| CLD (n, %) | 14 (15.73%) | 22 (9.36%) | 0.107 | 5 (12.20%) | 8 (8.08%) | 0.448 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 8 (8.99%) | 32 (13.62%) | 0.262 | 5 (12.20%) | 9 (9.09%) | 0.579 |
| Nervous system disease (n, %) | 10 (11.24%) | 28 (11.91%) | 0.865 | 3 (7.32%) | 10 (10.10%) | 0.596 |
| Venous thrombus (n, %) | 50 (56.18%) | 121 (51.49%) | 0.451 | 28 (68.29%) | 54 (54.55%) | 0.135 |
| Cancer (n, %) | 8 (8.99%) | 94 (40.00%) | < 0.001 | 7 (17.07%) | 30 (30.30%) | 0.111 |
| CTD (n, %) | 16 (17.98%) | 20 (8.51%) | 0.018 | 2 (4.88%) | 4 (4.04%) | 0.824 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Smoking history (n, %) | 28 (31.46%) | 63 (26.81%) | 0.406 | 10 (24.39%) | 34 (34.34%) | 0.251 |
| Surgery (n, %) | 7 (7.87%) | 26 (11.06%) | 0.398 | 3 (7.32%) | 11 (11.11%) | 0.499 |
| Trauma (n, %) | 2 (2.25%) | 5 (2.13%) | 0.951 | 1 (2.44%) | 8 (8.08%) | 0.243 |
| RVD (n, %) | 28 (31.46%) | 16 (6.81%) | < 0.001 | 16 (39.02%) | 7 (7.07%) | < 0.001 |
| Central embolus | 47 (52.81%) | 61 (25.96%) | < 0.001 | 19 (46.34%) | 18 (18.18%) | 0.001 |
| RPVO > 10% (n, %) | 55 (61.80%) | 23 (9.79%) | < 0.001 | 23 (56.10%) | 14 (14.14%) | < 0.001 |
| Risk stratification | 0.003 | 0.009 | ||||
| Low-risk (n, %) | 34 (38.20%) | 130 (55.32%) | 16 (39.02%) | 63 (63.64%) | ||
| Moderate-risk (n, %) | 53 (59.55%) | 105 (44.68%) | 24 (58.54%) | 35 (35.35%) | ||
| High risk (n, %) | 2 (2.25%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (2.44%) | 1 (1.01%) | ||
| sPESI | 0.001 | 0.776 | ||||
| 1 (n, %) | 19 (21.35%) | 93(39.57%) | 17 (41.46%) | 34 (34.34%) | ||
| 2 (n, %) | 4 (4.49%) | 24 (10.21%) | 0 (0.00%) | 5 (5.05%) | ||
| 3 (n, %) | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (0.43%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| > 3 (n, %) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Initial anticoagulant | 0.524 | 0.581 | ||||
| LMH (n, %) | 81 (91.01%) | 220 (93.62%) | 37 (90.24%) | 92 (92.93%) | ||
| DOACs (n, %) | 6 (6.74%) | 13 (5.53%) | 3 (7.32%) | 5 (5.05%) | ||
| LMH and DOACs (n, %) | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (0.85%) | 1 (2.44%) | 2 (2.02%) | ||
| Time-to-anticoagulant ≥ 6 h (n, %) | 35 (39.33%) | 95 (40.43%) | 0.857 | 14 (34.15%) | 28 (28.28%) | 0.491 |
| Blood test | ||||||
| WBC count (10^9/L) | 6.73 ± 2.51 | 6.92 ± 2.74 | 0.569 | 6.77 ± 2.93 | 6.33 ± 2.05 | 0.307 |
| PLT count (10^9/L) | 224.12 ± 68.18 | 248.03 ± 95.63 | 0.033 | 221.39 ± 68.29 | 227.69 ± 70.18 | 0.626 |
| Hemoglobin levels (g/L) | 133.18 ± 21.81 | 124.59 ± 21.51 | 0.002 | 134.15 ± 20.92 | 125.91 ± 20.81 | 0.038 |
| RDW (%) | 14.14 ± 3.97 | 14.46 ± 4.51 | 0.557 | 13.53 ± 1.45 | 14.80 ± 5.43 | 0.182 |
| Lymphocytes count (10^9/L) | 1.7 ± 0.64 | 1.66 ± 0.90 | 0.654 | 1.57 ± 0.48 | 1.65 ± 0.57 | 0.466 |
| Monocytes count (10^9/L) | 0.65 ± 1.10 | 0.58 ± 0.96 | 0.589 | 0.47 ± 0.19 | 0.51 ± 0.26 | 0.394 |
| Neutrophils count (10^9/L) | 5.25 ± 6.67 | 4.89 ± 5.24 | 0.616 | 4.51 ± 2.39 | 4.09 ± 1.72 | 0.248 |
| NLR | 3.48 ± 4.81 | 3.36 ± 2.59 | 0.772 | 3.18 ± 2.05 | 2.81 ± 1.74 | 0.284 |
| PLR | 144.84 ± 64.79 | 173.76 ± 92.70 | 0.008 | 157.26 ± 85.2 | 151.20 ± 67.32 | 0.654 |
| MLR | 0.42 ± 0.67 | 0.37 ± 0.36 | 0.433 | 0.32 ± 0.15 | 0.33 ± 0.18 | 0.701 |
| PT(s) | 15.42 ± 8.10 | 13.72 ± 4.48 | 0.04 | 14.98 ± 6.55 | 13.66 ± 3.51 | 0.151 |
| PT-INR (INR) | 1.33 ± 0.72 | 1.14 ± 0.29 | 0.005 | 1.28 ± 0.58 | 1.16 ± 0.32 | 0.152 |
| TT (s) | 21.00 ± 31.14 | 17.67 ± 21.81 | 0.302 | 15.42 ± 3.98 | 17.75 ± 11.11 | 0.173 |
| FIB (g/L) | 3.57 ± 1.54 | 3.79 ± 1.58 | 0.259 | 3.33 ± 0.96 | 3.45 ± 1.05 | 0.551 |
| APTT (s) | 36.10 ± 10.81 | 33.29 ± 8.81 | 0.022 | 30.68 ± 7.65 | 32.27 ± 10.91 | 0.399 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 3.53 ± 6.78 | 6.18 ± 9.18 | 0.017 | 4.56 ± 5.37 | 4.34 ± 4.46 | 0.807 |
| CHOL (mmol/L) | 5.08 ± 1.54 | 5.04 ± 1.60 | 0.891 | 4.54 ± 1.26 | 4.94 ± 1.06 | 0.158 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.61 ± 0.87 | 1.52 ± 0.61 | 0.459 | 1.22 ± 0.43 | 1.51 ± 0.63 | 0.06 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.31 ± 1.23 | 3.21 ± 1.27 | 0.669 | 2.83 ± 0.89 | 3.16 ± 0.78 | 0.102 |
| ALT (U/L) | 30.95 ± 28.38 | 34.77 ± 62.82 | 0.586 | 43.00 ± 61.47 | 37.14 ± 77.11 | 0.668 |
| AST (U/L) | 29.19 ± 18.46 | 31.16 ± 38.06 | 0.645 | 36.22 ± 40.37 | 36.20 ± 72.17 | 0.998 |
| TBIL (umol/L) | 16.03 ± 10.84 | 13.63 ± 9.30 | 0.081 | 15.51 ± 7.71 | 13.00 ± 5.16 | 0.032 |
| DBIL (umol/L) | 3.68 ± 3.87 | 3.17 ± 4.50 | 0.362 | 2.99 ± 1.81 | 2.60 ± 1.20 | 0.147 |
| ALB (g/L) | 36.98 ± 4.05 | 36.16 ± 5.45 | 0.2 | 37.83 ± 5.44 | 37.28 ± 5.07 | 0.568 |
| BG (mmol/L) | 5.73 ± 1.64 | 5.87 ± 1.70 | 0.495 | 5.93 ± 1.80 | 5.83 ± 1.84 | 0.783 |
| HCY (umol/L) | 15.66 ± 11.44 | 13.05 ± 6.41 | 0.129 | 13.15 ± 5.25 | 16.31 ± 21.23 | 0.536 |
| FAR | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.07 | 0.094 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.396 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.37 ± 1.78 | 4.98 ± 2.21 | 0.151 | 6.46 ± 3.49 | 4.85 ± 2.09 | 0.005 |
| Cr (umol/L) | 68.82 ± 17.63 | 67.30 ± 24.54 | 0.598 | 74.30 ± 25.77 | 65.99 ± 16.89 | 0.036 |
| UA (umol/L) | 353.43 ± 118.75 | 321.08 ± 117.87 | 0.31 | 381.02 ± 140.18 | 293.84 ± 80.65 | < 0.001 |
| PC (%) | 96.74 ± 29.18 | 100.17 ± 28.60 | 0.473 | 98.21 ± 34.05 | 95.88 ± 25.57 | 0.732 |
| PS (%) | 100.01 ± 37.34 | 97.22 ± 36.06 | 0.647 | 103.50 ± 46.38 | 91.73 ± 35.43 | 0.22 |
| AT-III (%) | 89.97 ± 14.75 | 91.35 ± 17.14 | 0.718 | 93.24 ± 15.06 | 100.12 ± 17.03 | 0.272 |
| cTNT (pg/ml) | 18.00 ± 22.36 | 26.53 ± 47.08 | 0.160 | 27.23 ± 32.02 | 21.69 ± 60.58 | 0.631 |
| NT-pro-BNP ≥ 600 pg/ml | 29 (32.58%) | 34 (14.47%) | 0.045 | 17 (41.46%) | 11 (11.11%) | 0.002 |
ALB, albumin; ALT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AT-III, antithrombin-III; BG, blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHOL, cholesterol; CLD, chronic lung disease; Cr, Creatinine; CTD, connective tissue diseases; cTNT, cardiac troponin T; DBIL, direct bilirubin; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; FAR, fibrinogen to albumin ratio; FIB, fibrinogen; HCY, homocysteine; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LMH, low molecular heparin; MLR, monocytes to lymphocytes ratio; NLR, neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PC, Protein C; PLR, platelet to lymphocytes ratio; PLT, platelet; PS, Protein S; PT, prothrombin time; PT-INR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; RDW, red cell distribution width; RPE, recurrent pulmonary embolism; RPVO, residual pulmonary vascular obstruction; RVD, right ventricular dysfunction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sPESI, simplified pulmonary embolism severity index; TBIL, total bilirubin; TG, triacylglycerol; TT, thromboplastin time; UA, uric acid; WBC, white blood cell