Table 1.
Preoperative clinical and imaging data (n = 411).
| All (n = 411) | Preop AA (n = 112, 27%) | No Preop AA (n = 299, 73%) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 36 ± 13 | 45 ± 13 | 32 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 212 (52%) | 53 (47%) | 159 (53%) | 0.3 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27 ± 6 | 28 ± 6 | 26 ± 5 | 0.06 |
| Anatomic/surgical history | ||||
| Age at time of TOF repair, years | 3 (0.5–7) | 4 (1–7) | 1 (0.6–2) | 0.08 |
| PVR prior to baseline | 202 (49%) | 73 (65%) | 129 (43%) | <0.001 |
| CIED prior to baseline | 56 (14%) | 38 (34%) | 18 (6%) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 79 (19%) | 41 (37%) | 38 (13%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 53 (13%) | 21 (19%) | 32 (11%) | 0.03 |
| Coronary artery disease | 24 (6%) | 14 (13%) | 10 (3%) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Beta blockers | 89 (21%) | 39 (35%) | 50 (17%) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 72 (18%) | 35 (31%) | 37 (12%) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 17 (4%) | 7 (6%) | 10 (3%) | 0.2 |
| Loop diuretics | 69 (17%) | 38 (34%) | 31 (10%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| GFR, ml/min/1.73 m [2] | 102 ± 18 | 96 ± 17 | 105 ± 18 | 0.006 |
| NT-proBNP, ng/l |
210 (95–463) |
395 (225–1056) |
164 (84–329) |
0.003 |
| Right heart indices (Echo #1) | ||||
| RA reservoir strain, % | 31 ± 13 | 24 ± 11 | 34 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| RA conduit strain, % | 18 ± 9 | 15 ± 7 | 19 ± 9 | 0.01 |
| RA booster strain, % | 13 ± 8 | 10 ± 6 | 15 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| RA volume index, ml/m2 | 42 ± 19 | 44 ± 17 | 35 ± 13 | 0.02 |
| Estimated RA pressure, mmHg | 8 ± 4 | 10 ± 4 | 7 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Estimated RV systolic pressure, mmHg | 43 (34–54) | 47 (36–63) | 41 (33–51) | 0.03 |
| ≥Moderate tricuspid regurgitation | 110 (27%) | 49 (44%) | 61 (20%) | <0.001 |
| RV end-diastolic area, cm2 | 38 ± 10 | 41 ± 13 | 36 ± 8 | 0.2 |
| RV end-systolic area, cm2 | 25 ± 8 | 26 ± 11 | 24 ± 7 | 0.5 |
| RV fractional area change, % | 37 ± 9 | 36 ± 9 | 37 ± 8 | 0.6 |
| RV global longitudinal strain, % | −19 ± 4 | −18 ± 4 | −19 ± 3 | 0.4 |
| ≥Moderate pulmonary regurgitation | 385 (94%) | 102 (91%) | 283 (95%) | 0.6 |
| Pulmonary valve mean gradient, mmHg | 32 ± 19 | 35 ± 23 | 30 ± 16 | 0.4 |
| Restrictive RV physiology | 66 (16%) | 21 (19%) | 45 (15%) | 0.8 |
| Left heart indices (Echo #1) | ||||
| LA reservoir strain, % | 40 ± 15 | 35 ± 12 | 43 ± 15 | 0.001 |
| LA conduit strain, % | 26 ± 10 | 21 ± 8 | 29 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| LA booster strain, % | 14 ± 8 | 11 ± 6 | 15 ± 7 | 0.006 |
| LA volume index, ml/m2 | 27 ± 11 | 33 ± 15 | 24 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| LV end-diastolic volume index, ml/m2 | 54 ± 9 | 56 ± 10 | 52 ± 11 | 0.2 |
| LV end-systolic volume index, ml/m2 | 25 ± 7 | 27 ± 8 | 24 ± 6 | 0.1 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 58 ± 7 | 56 ± 9 | 58 ± 10 | 0.2 |
| LV global longitudinal strain, % | −20 ± 5 | −18 ± 5 | −22 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac MRI (n = 331) | ||||
| RV end-diastolic volume index, ml/m2 | 161 ± 40 | 166 ± 41 | 158 ± 3 | 0.6 |
| RV end-systolic volume index, ml/m2 | 85 ± 29 | 87 ± 26 | 84 ± 23 | 0.8 |
| RV stroke volume index, ml/m2 | 86 ± 21 | 81 ± 22 | 88 ± 25 | 0.7 |
| RV ejection fraction, % | 44 ± 10 | 43 ± 10 | 44 ± 9 | 0.8 |
| Pulmonary regurgitant volume index, ml/m2 | 45 ± 19 | 42 ± 17 | 47 ± 20 | 0.2 |
| Pulmonary regurgitant fraction, % | 52 ± 24 | 51 ± 26 | 53 ± 21 | 0.4 |
| LV stroke volume index, ml/m2 | 39 ± 11 | 35 ± 10 | 43 ± 11 | 0.1 |
| LV ejection fraction, ml/m2 | 58 ± 9 | 56 ± 11 | 59 ± 10 | 0.3 |
Abbreviations: AA: atrial arrhythmia; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CIED: cardiac implantable electronic devices; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; Preop: preoperative; PVR: pulmonary valve replacement; Preop: preoperative; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle TOF: Tetralogy of Fallot.