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. 2024 Dec 19;22:783. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02940-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Recent advancements in the use of gold-based and magnetic-based nanovectors for delivering genes in melanoma. A The first approach involves the transdermal delivery of plasmid DNAs encoding a microRNA-221 inhibitor gene (Mi221) using AuPT nanoparticles for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. This method is depicted schematically. The source of this information is credited to Shahbazi et al. in 2016, with permission from the American Chemical Society [133]. B, i The second approach involves the local injection of gene carriers based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), followed by external magnetic attraction. This technique ensures efficient and long-term gene delivery. The source of this information is attributed to Borroni et al. in 2017, with permission from Elsevier [134]. B, ii Within the same study by Borroni et al. in 2017, there is also mention of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in tumors after in situ injection of lentiviral vectors combined with magnetic nanoparticles (LV-MNPs). This demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach in gene delivery, also with permission from Elsevier [134]