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. 2024 Dec 19;22:783. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02940-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Two different applications: a The use of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles for identifying metastases in normally-sized pelvic LN in individuals with bladder and prostate cancer. These nanoparticles are absorbed by macrophages, resulting in a reduced signal in T2- or T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This reduction is not observed in malignant LN (indicated by an arrow) due to their lower macrophage count and minimal absorption of USPIO nanoparticles, unlike benign LN (marked by an arrowhead).

Copyright 2013 by the European Association of Urology [283]. b The implementation of a near-infrared (NIR) probe for detecting lymph node metastasis (LNM) in mice. The images show NIR imaging-assisted sentinel lymph node (SLN) surgery in a mouse model of orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer. Copyright 2020 by Wiley–VCH [284]