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. 2024 Dec 19;22:783. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02940-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Recent advancements in polymer and lipid-based nanocarriers for gene therapy in melanoma. This includes A, i a diagram of RRPHC ternary complexes, (ii) a comparison of transfection efficiency in B16F10 cells using PF33/pGFP, RRPHC/pGFP, and Lipofectamine 2000/pGFP, and (iii) the administration of HAC/pDNA and RRPHC/pDNA through intravenous injection, followed by in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging in A375 tumor-bearing nude mice (specifically RRPHC). This information, originally from L. Li et al., 2016, is used with Elsevier's permission [317]. Section (B) focuses on human skin samples that were intradermally injected with lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations varying in lipid composition and dosage. This part includes (i) ex vivo imaging of the samples after 11 days and (ii) quantification of the luciferase image. This section is reproduced with permission from Blakney et al., 2019, and is under the copyright of the American Chemical Society [318]