Table 4.
Nanobiotechnological advances in targeted drug delivery for lymph node metastasis in cancer
| Nanocarrier type | Cancer type | Mechanism | Efficacy results | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | Breast cancer | Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect; targeted delivery to metastatic lymph nodes | Improved drug accumulation in lymph nodes; reduced systemic toxicity | [319] |
| Gold nanoparticles | Melanoma | Active targeting using specific ligands; photothermal therapy | Increased tumor regression; minimal side effects | [320] |
| Dendrimers | Prostate cancer | Passive targeting through size and surface modifications; controlled drug release | Higher drug concentration in cancerous lymph nodes; lower adverse effects | [321] |
| Polymeric nanoparticles | Lung cancer | Targeted delivery via surface functionalization; co-delivery of drugs and genes | Enhanced therapeutic efficacy; reduced drug resistance | [322] |
| Magnetic nanoparticles | Head and neck cancer | Magnetic targeting; hyperthermia therapy | Localized treatment; improved survival rates | [323] |
| Quantum dots | Colorectal cancer | Image-guided drug delivery; real-time monitoring of drug distribution | Precise targeting; optimized dosage and treatment monitoring | [324] |
| Carbon nanotubes | Cervical cancer | Active targeting with antibodies; combination therapy (drug and heat) | Synergistic effect of chemotherapy and hyperthermia; improved treatment response | [325] |
| Micelles | Ovarian cancer | Enhanced drug solubility and stability; targeted delivery through surface modifications | Improved targeting of metastatic sites; reduced off-target effects | [326] |
| Silica nanoparticles | Pancreatic cancer | Site-specific drug release; enzyme-responsive drug release in tumor environment | Higher therapeutic index; minimal impact on healthy tissue | [327] |
| Lipid-based nanocarriers | Bladder cancer | Mucoadhesive properties for intravesical therapy; sustained drug release | Increased drug retention in bladder; enhanced local efficacy | [328] |
| Exosome-based delivery | Gastric cancer | Natural biocompatibility; targeted delivery through surface proteins | Reduced immune response; improved drug delivery to metastatic lymph nodes | [329] |
| Polymeric Micelles | Thyroid cancer | Active targeting with thyroid-specific ligands; controlled release kinetics | Selective accumulation in thyroid cancer cells; low systemic toxicity | [330] |
| Metal–organic frameworks | Renal cancer | High drug loading capacity; stimuli-responsive release | Efficient drug delivery to tumor sites; reduced renal clearance | [331] |
| Hybrid nanoparticles | Glioblastoma | Blood–brain barrier penetration; dual drug delivery system | Enhanced delivery to brain tumors; synergistic therapeutic effects | [332] |
| Albumin nanoparticles | Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | Tumor microenvironment targeting; enhanced permeation | Improved localization at tumor sites; reduced toxicity to normal cells | [333] |
| Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Sarcoma | High drug loading, pH-sensitive release in tumor microenvironment | Efficient targeting of sarcoma cells; decreased systemic side effects | [334] |
| Nanodiamonds | Leukemia | Drug delivery via surface adsorption; biocompatibility | Sustained drug release in target cells; low immunogenicity | [335] |
| Polymeric nanocapsules | Brain cancer | Enhanced blood–brain barrier penetration; targeted delivery to tumor cells | Increased drug concentration in brain tumors; reduced peripheral toxicity | [336] |
| Iron oxide nanoparticles | Lymphoma | Magnetic targeting; diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) applications | Targeted therapy with real-time imaging; improved treatment monitoring | [337] |
| Nanogels | Esophageal cancer | Responsive drug release; protection of therapeutic agents | Enhanced delivery to esophageal cancer cells; reduced degradation of drugs | [338] |
| Hollow nanospheres | Osteosarcoma | Targeted delivery and controlled release; high drug encapsulation efficiency | Increased accumulation in tumor tissues; effective treatment of metastasis | [339] |
| Hydrogel nanoparticles | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Enhanced liver targeting; slow and controlled drug release | Improved drug concentration in liver tumors; reduced systemic exposure | [340] |
| Chitosan nanoparticles | Endometrial cancer | Mucoadhesive properties for targeted delivery; bioresponsive degradation | Increased retention and efficacy in endometrial tissue; lower adverse effects | [341] |
| Nanoemulsions | Thyroid cancer | Enhanced solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs; active targeting using thyroid-specific antibodies | Improved bioavailability; specific targeting of thyroid cancer cells | [342] |
| Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles | Kidney cancer | Biodegradable and biocompatible carrier; sustained drug release | Reduced nephrotoxicity; enhanced accumulation in renal cancer cells | [343] |
| magnetic liposomes | Prostate cancer | Magnetic field-directed targeting; combination of drug and hyperthermia therapy | Localized treatment effects; synergistic improvement in tumor reduction | [344] |
| Cerium oxide nanoparticles | Colorectal cancer | Antioxidant properties; protection of normal cells from oxidative stress | Reduced side effects; enhanced targeting of colorectal tumor cells | [345] |
| Silver nanoparticles | Bladder cancer | Anti-microbial properties; prevention of post-surgical infections | Lowered risk of infection in bladder cancer patients undergoing treatment | [346] |
| Zeolite nanoparticles | Ovarian cancer | High surface area for drug adsorption; targeted delivery using ovarian-specific ligands | Efficient delivery to ovarian tumors; reduced off-target effects | [347] |
| Carbon nanocapsules | Pancreatic cancer | High drug loading efficiency; protection of encapsulated drugs from degradation | Improved stability and efficacy of the therapeutic agent in pancreatic tumors | [348] |
| Peptide nanofibers | Breast cancer | Targeted delivery using breast cancer-specific peptides; enhanced cellular uptake | Higher specificity for breast cancer cells; reduced impact on healthy tissue | [349] |
| Nanocrystals | Squamous cell carcinoma | Improved solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs; passive targeting to tumor sites | Enhanced drug delivery to tumor sites; improved treatment efficacy | [350] |
| Polymer-dendrimer hybrid nanoparticles | Liver cancer | Targeted delivery to liver cells; dual drug loading capacity | Efficient delivery and reduced toxicity in liver cancer treatment | [351] |
| Bimetallic nanoparticles | Oral cancer | Theranostic application; imaging and therapy | Enhanced tumor imaging and targeted therapy; improved treatment monitoring | [352] |
| Polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanoparticles | Glioma | Enhanced brain penetration; targeted delivery to tumor cells | Improved drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier; targeted action at tumor sites | [353] |
| Nanostructured lipid carriers | Cervical cancer | Improved stability and prolonged release of drugs; targeted delivery using cervical cancer-specific ligands | Enhanced efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity in cervical cancer treatment | [354] |
| Inorganic nanocarriers (e.g., silica, gold) | Osteosarcoma | Targeted drug delivery; multimodal therapy options (e.g., thermal ablation) | Improved targeting and treatment outcomes; potential for combination therapies | [355] |
| Biodegradable nanospheres | Melanoma | Controlled release; targeted delivery with melanoma-specific ligands | Enhanced drug accumulation in melanoma cells; minimal side effects | [356] |
| Nanobubbles | Bladder cancer | Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery; enhanced permeability and retention effect | Targeted drug delivery and improved treatment efficacy in bladder cancer | [357] |
| Stimuli-responsive Nanoparticles | Lung cancer | Targeted delivery triggered by pH/tumor microenvironment; controlled release | Enhanced targeting and treatment efficacy in lung cancer cells | [358] |
| Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles | Brain tumors | Magnetic targeting; imaging contrast agents | Improved imaging of tumor sites; targeted drug delivery with magnetic guidance | [359] |
| Gold nanorods | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Photothermal therapy; localized heating to release drugs | Efficient tumor ablation; targeted drug release at tumor site | [360] |
| Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles | Colorectal cancer | Enhanced drug stability; targeted delivery with colorectal-specific ligands | Improved drug retention in colorectal tumors; reduced side effects | [361] |
| Carbon quantum dots | Breast cancer | Fluorescence imaging; targeted drug delivery | Effective tumor imaging and targeted therapy; low toxicity | [362] |
| Hollow gold nanospheres | Pancreatic cancer | Photothermal therapy; targeted heat-induced drug release | Selective tumor cell destruction; controlled drug release | [363] |
| Nanostructured lipid carriers | Prostate cancer | Improved solubility of hydrophobic drugs; sustained release | Higher drug bioavailability in prostate tumors; reduced systemic toxicity | [364] |
| Polymeric nanogels | Ovarian cancer | Targeted delivery using ovarian cancer-specific markers; responsive drug release | Increased targeting accuracy; enhanced drug effectiveness with reduced side effects | [365] |
| Silica-based nanoparticles | Renal cell carcinoma | High drug loading capacity; controlled and sustained release | Efficient delivery of therapeutics to renal tumors; minimal renal toxicity | [366] |
| Multifunctional nanoparticles | Head and neck cancer | Combination therapy delivery; targeted imaging and treatment | Enhanced drug delivery efficiency; improved treatment monitoring and outcomes | [367] |
| Quantum dot nanocarriers | Thyroid cancer | Targeted imaging and drug delivery; real-time tumor tracking | Precise drug delivery with imaging; improved treatment efficacy | [368] |
| Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks | Bladder cancer | High drug loading; controlled release in tumor microenvironment | Targeted therapy with reduced systemic toxicity; improved therapeutic outcomes | [369] |
| Polymeric nanobubbles | Skin cancer (melanoma) | Ultrasound-triggered drug release; enhanced tumor penetration | Improved drug delivery to deep-seated tumors; enhanced treatment efficacy | [370] |
| Self-assembling nanofibers | Pancreatic cancer | Targeted drug delivery; enhanced penetration in dense tumor stroma | Improved drug delivery in fibrotic pancreatic tumors; reduced systemic side effects | [371] |
| Magnetic nanoclusters | Osteosarcoma | Magnetic field-directed targeting; enhanced delivery to bone tumors | Improved targeting to osteosarcoma sites; potential for hyperthermia therapy | [372] |
| Nanostructured surfaces for drug delivery | Gastric cancer | Enhanced mucosal adhesion; localized and sustained drug release | Increased drug concentration at the tumor site; reduced systemic absorption | [373] |
| Lipid-based nanovesicles | Cervical cancer | Targeted drug delivery via cervical cancer-specific antigens | Enhanced specificity for cervical cancer cells; minimized impact on non-cancerous cells | [374] |
| Biodegradable nanofibers | Liver cancer | Controlled drug release; specific targeting to liver cells | Improved drug delivery to liver tumors with minimal off-target effects | [375] |