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. 2024 Dec 18;22:288. doi: 10.1186/s12915-024-02083-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Indirect transmission enhances queen pheromone spreading, and nurses are more exposed than foragers. Growth curves show the proportion of informed bees as a function of time for daily contact sequences including both direct and indirect transmission (a, $Q \to W + W \to W$ ), or in the absence of indirect transmission (b, direct transmission only, $Q \to W$ ). Lines and shaded areas show the cross-colony grand means and standard errors, respectively. Each colony contributes a single value to the mean (n=10). Dashed coloured lines indicate the decay in the proportion of informed workers after the simulated removal of the queen at 12:00. The histograms in panel (a) show the post queen removal half-life distributions for informed nurses (blue) and foragers (red)