Table 1.
Patient characteristics of the overall cohort.
| Variables | Overall Cohort (n = 269) |
|---|---|
| Age (days) | 5.0 [4.0, 7.0] |
| Weight (Kg) | 3.2 [2.8, 3.5] |
| Sex | |
| Male Female |
167 (62.1 %) 102 (37.9 %) |
| Race | |
| Caucasian African American Asian Hispanic Other |
146 (54.3 %) 101 (37.5 %) 1 (0.4 %) 15 (5.6 %) 6 (2.2 %) |
| Preterm Birth (<36 weeks gestation) | 27 (10.0 %) |
| Gestational Age (weeks) | 38.0 [37.0, 39.0] |
| Genetic Syndrome | 38 (14.1 %) |
| Chromosomal Abnormality | 23 (8.6 %) |
| Primary Cardiac Diagnosis | |
| HLHS Aortic Atresia & critical aortic Stenosis DILV DORV Single Ventricle Other Single Ventricle, unbalanced AV canal Tricuspid Atresia Single Ventricle, heterotaxia |
202 (75.1 %) 11 (4.1 %) 11 (4.1 %) 10 (3.7 %) 12 (4.5 %) 11 (4.1 %) 10 (3.7 %) 2 (0.7 %) |
| HLHS Variant | |
| MA/AA MA/AS MS/AA MS/AS |
91 (43.8 %) 15 (7.2 %) 55 (26.4 %) 47 (22.6 %) |
| Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta | |
| Diameter (mm) | 2.80 [2.00, 4.90] |
| z-score | −3.93 [-4.48, −2.30] |
| Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta Groups Based on Diameter | |
| ≤1.5 mm 1.6–1.9 mm 2.0–3.9 mm ≥4.0 mm |
13 (4.8 %) 54 (20.1 %) 106 (39.4 %) 96 (35.7 %) |
| Pre-Norwood Respiratory Support | |
| RA NC HFNC NIPPV Intubated |
102 (37.9 %) 52 (19.3 %) 41 (15.2 %) 7 (2.6 %) 67 (24.9 %) |
| Pre-Norwood Prostaglandin Dose (mcg/kg/min) | 0.02 [0.01, 0.02] |
| Preoperative VIS score | 0.0 [0.0, 5.0] |
| Pre-Norwood Transthoracic Echocardiogram | |
|
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation (AVVR) No – Trivial – Mild AVVR Moderate – Severe Systemic Ventricular Function Normal Mild Dysfunction Moderate – Severe Dysfunction |
222 (83.1 %) 45 (16.9 %) 214 (79.9 %) 19 (7.1 %) 35 (13.1 %) |
| Source of Pulmonary Blood Flow | |
|
m-BTT shunt Sano Shunt |
84 (31.2 %) 185 (68.8 %) |
| Type of Systemic Ventricle | |
| RV LV undetermined |
225 (83.6 %) 25 (9.3 %) 19 (7.1 %) |
| Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiogram | |
|
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation (AVVR) No – Trivial – Mild AVVR Moderate – Severe Systemic Ventricular Function Normal Mild Dysfunction Moderate – Severe Dysfunction |
222 (89.2 %) 27 (10.8 %) 203 (81.5 %) 26 (10.4 %) 20 (8.0 %) |
| Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time (min) | 163.0 (142.0, 188.0) |
| Cross Clamp Time (min) | 73.0 (61.0, 86.0) |
| Circulatory Arrest Time (min) | 3.0 (2.0, 11.0) |
| Post-Norwood FiO2 on Arrival to CICU | 60.0 (40.0, 100.0) |
| Post-Norwood iNO on Arrival to CICU | 35 (13.0 %) |
| Delayed Sternal Closure | 169 (62.8 %) |
| Post-Norwood VIS Score | |
| First 24 h Hours 24–48 |
18.0 (11.0, 23.0) 17.0 (11.0, 23.0) |
| Post-Norwood Cath Intervention | 83 (31.1 %) |
| Post-Norwood ECLS Required | 65 (24.2 %) |
| Duration of mechanical Ventilation | 168.82 (98.66, 368.77) |
| Operative Mortality | 56 (20.8 %) |
| Length of Stay (LOS) (days) | |
| CICU LOS Postoperative LOS Hospital LOS |
16.0 (10.0, 33.0) 22.0 (14.0, 45.0) 28.0 (19.0, 50.0) |
Results depicted in n (percent), median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: HLHS: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome; DILV: Double Inlet Left Ventricle; DORV: Double Outlet Right Ventricle; AV Canal: Atrioventricular Canal; MA: Mitral Atresia; MS: Mitral Stenosis; AA, Aortic Atresia; AS: Aortic Stenosis; CICU: Cardiac Intensive Care Unit; RA: Room Air; NC: Nasal Canula; HFNC: High Flow Nasal Canula; NIPPV: Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation; VIS: Vasoactive Inotropic Score; AVVR: Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation; m-BTT shunt: modified Blalock-Tausig-Thomas shunt; FiO2: Fraction of Inspired Oxygen; iNO: Inhaled Nitric Oxide; VIS: Vasoactive Inotropic Score; ECLS: Extracorporeal Life Support; E-CPR: Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.