Table 2.
Patient characteristics of overall cohort stratified by operative mortality.
| Variables | Survivors (n = 213) | Non-Survivors (n = 56) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (days) | 5.0 (4.0, 7.0) | 5.0 (4.0, 7.0) | 0.561 |
| Weight (Kg) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.5) | 3.14 (2.8, 3.4) | 0.439 |
| Sex | 0.591 | ||
| Male Female |
130 (61.0 %) 83 (39.0 %) |
37 (66.1 %) 19 (33.9 %) |
|
| Race | 0.701 | ||
| Caucasian African American Asian Hispanic Other |
113 (53.1 %) 81 (38.0 %) 1 (0.5 %) 12 (5.6 %) 6 (2.8 %) |
33 (58.9 %) 20 (35.7 %) 0 (0.0 %) 3 (5.4 %) 0 (0.0 %) |
|
| Gestational Age (weeks) | 38.0 (37.0, 39.0) | 38.0 (37.0, 39.0) | 0.313 |
| Preterm Birth (<36 weeks gestation) | 20 (9.4 %) | 7 (20.5 %) | 0.660 |
| Chromosomal Abnormality | 18 (8.5 %) | 5 (8.9 %) | 1 |
| Genetic Syndrome | 32 (15.0 %) | 6 (10.7 %) | 0.543 |
| Primary Cardiac Diagnosis | 0.871 | ||
| Aortic Atresia & critical aortic Stenosis DILV DORV HLHS Single Ventricle Other Single Ventricle, heterotaxia Single Ventricle, unbalanced AV canal Tricuspid Atresia |
9 (4.2 %) 10 (4.7 %) 8 (3.8 %) 156 (73.2 %) 11 (5.2 %) 2 (0.9 %) 9 (4.2 %) 8 (3.8 %) |
2 (3.6 %) 1 (1.8 %) 2 (3.6 %) 46 (82.1 %) 1 (1.8 %) 0 (0.0 %) 2 (3.6 %) 20 (42.6 %) |
|
| HLHS Variant | 0.177 | ||
| MA/AA MA/AS MS/AA MS/AS |
71 (44.1 %) 15 (7.2 %) 39 (34.2 %) 41 (25.5 %) |
20 (42.6 %) 5 (10.6 %) 16 (34.0 %) 6 (12.8 %) |
|
| Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta | |||
| Diameter (mm) | 2.90 (2.00, 5.00) | 2.40 (1.90, 4.10) | 0.080 |
| z-score | −3.90 (−4.43, −2.20) | −4.18 (−4.58, −2.77) | 0.078 |
| Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta Groups Based on Diameter | 0.329 | ||
| ≤1.5 mm 1.6–1.9 mm 2.0–3.9 mm ≥4.0 mm |
10 (4.7 %) 39 (18.3 %) 83 (39.0 %) 81 (38.0 %) |
3 (5.4 %) 15 (26.8 %) 23 (41.1 %) 15 (26.8 %) |
|
| Pre-Norwood Respiratory Support | 0.334 | ||
| RA NC HFNC NIPPV Intubated |
83 (39.0 %) 42 (19.7 %) 33 (15.5 %) 7 (3.3 %) 48 (22.5 %) |
19 (33.9 %) 10 (17.9 %) 8 (14.3 %) 0 (0.0 %) 19 (33.9 %) |
|
| Pre-Norwood Prostaglandin Dose (mcg/kg/min) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.368 |
| Preoperative VIS score | 0.0 (0.0, 5.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 5.0) | 0.208 |
| Pre-Norwood Transthoracic Echocardiogram | |||
|
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation Moderate – Severe No – Trivial – Mild AVVR Systemic Ventricular Function Normal Mild Dysfunction Moderate – Severe Dysfunction |
31 (14.7 %) 180 (85.3 %) 175 (82.5 %) 13 (6.1 %) 24 (11.3 %) |
14 (25.0 %) 42 (75.0 %) 39 (69.6 %) 6 (10.7 %) 11 (19.6 %) |
0.103 0.101 |
| Source of Pulmonary Blood Flow | 1 | ||
|
m-BTT shunt Sano Shunt |
67 (31.5 %) 146 (68.5 %) |
17 (30.4 %) 39 (69.6 %) |
|
| Type of Systemic Ventricle | 0.065 | ||
| RV LV undetermined |
174 (81.7 %) 20 (9.4 %) 19 (8.9 %) |
51 (91.1 %) 5 (8.9 %) 0 (0.0 %) |
|
| Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiogram | |||
|
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation Moderate – Severe No – Trivial – Mild AVVR Systemic Ventricular Function Normal Mild Dysfunction Moderate – Severe Dysfunction |
17 (8.6 %) 181 (91.4 %) 169 (85.4 %) 16 (8.1 %) 13 (6.6 %) |
10 (19.6 %) 41 (80.4 %) 34 (66.7 %) 10 (19.6 %) 7 (13.7 %) |
0.045 0.009 |
| Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time (min) | 162.0 (140.0, 185.0) | 172.5 (158.0, 219.5) | 0.005 |
| Cross Clamp Time (min) | 74.0 (62.0, 86.0) | 69.0 (60.0, 84.5) | 0.410 |
| Circulatory Arrest Time (min) | 3.0 (2.0, 10.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 16.5) | 0.218 |
| Post-Norwood FiO2 on Arrival to CICU | 60.0 (40.0, 100.0) | 80.0 (40.0, 100.0) | 0.127 |
| Post-Norwood iNO on Arrival to CICU | 22 (10.3 %) | 13 (23.2 %) | 0.02 |
| Delayed Sternal Closure | 124 (58.2 %) | 45 (80.4 %) | 0.004 |
| Post-Norwood VIS Score | |||
| First 24 h Hours 24–48 |
17.0 (10.0, 23.0) 15.0 (10.0, 21.0) |
20.0 (13.7, 28.5) 22.5 (15.0, 25.0) |
0.009 <0.001 |
| Post-Norwood Cath Intervention | 43 (20.3 %) | 40 (72.7 %) | <0.001 |
| Post-Norwood ECLS support | 27 (12.7 %) | 38 (67.9 %) | <0.001 |
| Duration of Mechanical Ventilation (hr) | 145.34 (92.78, 291.35) | 401.12 (193.18, 701.73) | <0.001 |
| Length of Stay (LOS) (days) | |||
| CICU LOS Postoperative LOS Hospital LOS |
16.00 (9.00, 32.00) 23.00 (15.00, 46.25) 29.00 (20.00, 50.50) |
19.00 (10.00, 37.25) 19.50 (11.75, 40.00) 24.50 (16.75, 46.25) |
0.494 0.099 0.186 |
Results depicted in n (percent), median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: HLHS: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome; DILV: Double Inlet Left Ventricle; DORV: Double Outlet Right Ventricle; AV Canal: Atrioventricular Canal; MA: Mitral Atresia; MS: Mitral Stenosis; AA, Aortic Atresia; AS: Aortic Stenosis; CICU: Cardiac Intensive Care Unit; RA: Room Air; NC: Nasal Canula; HFNC: High Flow Nasal Canula; NIPPV: Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation; VIS: Vasoactive Inotropic Score; AVVR: Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation; m-BTT shunt: modified Blalock-Tausig-Thomas shunt; FiO2: Fraction of Inspired Oxygen; iNO: Inhaled Nitric Oxide; ECLS: Extracorporeal Life Support.