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. 2024 Dec 18;17:520. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06607-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Proportion of human population in the highland villages observed sleeping or awake, inside or outside and under or not under LLINs (bars), superimposed with Anopheles hourly HBR (lines) from 1800 to 0600 hours. a Peak malaria transmission season (October–December 2022), b minor malaria transmission season (March–May 2023). Outdoor exposure categories (outdoors awake, and asleep without bed-nets) were combined into a single category as LLIN use was not observed outdoors. HBR, Human biting rate; LLINs, long-lasting insecticide nets