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. 2024 Dec 18;17:520. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06607-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Hourly HBO-adjusted HBR (from 1800 to 0600 hours) showing both LLIN-based protection and exposure to Anopheles in the highland villages during the peak malaria transmission season (a) and during the minor malaria transmission season (b). c, d Pie chart showing proportional vector exposure by activity in the highland villages during the peak season (c) and during the minor season (d), over the course of a night. Outdoor exposure profiles consist of people awake and asleep without LLINs. HBO, Human behavioral observations; HBR, human biting rate; LLINS, long-lasting insecticide nets