Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| OBS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | <10 | ≥10, <20 | ≥20, <30 | ≥30 | p-value |
| n | 66 | 203 | 225 | 55 | |
| Age (years) | 62.292 ± 12.112 | 64.521 ± 10.159 | 61.054 ± 12.267 | 61.236 ± 12.192 | 0.01531 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.124 ± 5.723 | 29.693 ± 5.075 | 29.545 ± 6.778 | 25.773 ± 3.402 | <0.00001 |
| Chromium (nmol/L) | 9.512 ± 16.489 | 10.324 ± 9.739 | 8.210 ± 7.720 | 8.613 ± 7.542 | 0.13219 |
| Cobalt (nmol/L) | 10.269 ± 40.897 | 3.460 ± 7.514 | 4.370 ± 8.265 | 2.787 ± 1.290 | 0.01864 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dL) | 122.523 ± 91.860 | 103.849 ± 62.542 | 98.079 ± 64.584 | 75.665 ± 48.977 | 0.00152 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 15.699 ± 7.220 | 16.286 ± 5.444 | 16.433 ± 4.857 | 16.791 ± 4.212 | 0.73797 |
| Iron (μg/dL) | 89.411 ± 26.580 | 85.607 ± 28.057 | 86.114 ± 33.064 | 86.230 ± 37.065 | 0.91010 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.673 ± 0.514 | 3.666 ± 0.494 | 3.709 ± 0.564 | 3.728 ± 0.514 | 0.77810 |
| Total Protein (g/dL) | 7.049 ± 0.413 | 6.971 ± 0.407 | 6.910 ± 0.361 | 7.055 ± 0.328 | 0.01160 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.375 ± 1.360 | 5.591 ± 1.361 | 5.336 ± 1.362 | 4.750 ± 1.038 | 0.00016 |
| Monocyte number (1,000 cells/μL) | 0.626 ± 0.187 | 0.571 ± 0.163 | 0.574 ± 0.178 | 0.596 ± 0.298 | 0.31775 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55.236 ± 16.203 | 57.743 ± 22.547 | 56.273 ± 19.857 | 60.625 ± 16.961 | 0.39335 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.738 ± 32.688 | 192.013 ± 43.755 | 193.473 ± 47.404 | 198.341 ± 32.718 | 0.55408 |
| MHR | 0.012 ± 0.005 | 0.012 ± 0.007 | 0.012 ± 0.006 | 0.011 ± 0.007 | 0.66601 |
| UACR | 0.520 ± 2.228 | 0.208 ± 1.025 | 0.559 ± 2.937 | 0.240 ± 0.622 | 0.34465 |
| NPAR | 0.949 ± 0.298 | 0.904 ± 0.262 | 0.951 ± 0.285 | 0.835 ± 0.283 | 0.01519 |
| SII | 464.666 ± 210.373 | 483.256 ± 250.736 | 520.514 ± 255.919 | 501.649 ± 215.223 | 0.33337 |
| Dietary OBS | 4.371 ± 1.365 | 11.350 ± 2.756 | 20.929 ± 3.131 | 26.585 ± 1.436 | <0.00001 |
| Lifestyle OBS | 3.077 ± 1.120 | 3.397 ± 1.302 | 3.552 ± 1.349 | 4.979 ± 1.083 | <0.00001 |
| Gender | 0.50096 | ||||
| Male | 47.250 | 43.238 | 47.368 | 37.636 | |
| Female | 52.750 | 56.762 | 52.632 | 62.364 | |
| Race | 0.11863 | ||||
| Hispanic | 9.240 | 9.561 | 7.862 | 4.006 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 70.385 | 74.423 | 79.801 | 85.374 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 16.173 | 6.800 | 4.519 | 3.096 | |
| Other | 4.202 | 9.215 | 7.817 | 7.524 | |
| Diabetes | 0.02921 | ||||
| Yes | 24.417 | 19.821 | 12.504 | 5.818 | |
| No | 74.145 | 77.318 | 85.133 | 93.695 | |
| Borderline | 1.438 | 2.861 | 2.364 | 0.487 | |
| Hypertension | 0.00271 | ||||
| Yes | 68.423 | 53.094 | 45.113 | 36.083 | |
| No | 31.577 | 46.906 | 54.887 | 63.917 | |
| Smoking | 0.28010 | ||||
| Never | 37.659 | 39.608 | 47.766 | 48.476 | |
| Former | 37.057 | 41.651 | 36.792 | 41.180 | |
| Still | 25.283 | 18.742 | 15.442 | 10.343 | |
MHR, monocyte/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; UACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; NPAR, neutrophil percentage to albumin ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation indicator. Mean ± SD for continuous variables: P-value was calculated by weighted linear regression model. Percent for categorical variables: P-value was calculated by weighted chi-square test.