Table 1.
The baseline population characteristics among U.S. adults by the three chronic respiratory diseases.
| Characteristics (weighted%) |
Total | Asthma | p | Emphysema | p | Chronic bronchitis | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-patients | Patients | Non-patients | Patients | Non-patients | Patients | |||||
| 23,042 | 19,647 (85.1%) | 3,395 (14.9%) | 22,553 (98.2%) | 489 (1.8%) | 21,681 (94.3%) | 1,361 (5.7%) | ||||
| Sex | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Male | 10,993 (47.3%) | 9,619 (48.7%) | 1,374 (39.4%) | 10,703 (47.2%) | 290 (54.9%) | 10,504 (48.2%) | 489 (33.4%) | |||
| Female | 12,049 (52.7%) | 10,028 (51.3%) | 2,021 (60.6%) | 11,850 (52.8%) | 199 (45.1%) | 11,177 (51.8%) | 872 (66.6%) | |||
| Age (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| <40 | 7,535 (34.7%) | 6,264 (33.8%) | 1,271 (40%) | 7,513 (35.3%) | 22 (4.5%) | 7,264 (35.5%) | 271 (21.3%) | |||
| Between ≥40 and <60 | 7,728 (38.4%) | 6,623 (38.9%) | 1,105 (35.2%) | 7,602 (38.6%) | 126 (25.9%) | 7,241 (38.3%) | 487 (39.5%) | |||
| ≥60 | 7,779 (26.9%) | 6,760 (27.3%) | 1,019 (24.8%) | 7,438 (26.1%) | 341 (69.6%) | 7,176 (26.1%) | 603 (39.2%) | |||
| Race (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 10,282 (69.8%) | 8,664 (69.7%) | 1,618 (70.3%) | 9,933 (69.5%) | 349 (82.7%) | 9,483 (69.3%) | 799 (76.9%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | 4,696 (10.2%) | 3,898 (9.9%) | 798 (12.1%) | 4,640 (10.3%) | 56 (5.1%) | 4,442 (10.3%) | 254 (9.4%) | |||
| Mexican | 3,289 (7.8%) | 2,987 (8.2%) | 302 (5%) | 3,273 (7.9%) | 16 (1.2%) | 3,187 (8%) | 102 (3.7%) | |||
| Other | 4,775 (12.3%) | 4,098 (12.2%) | 677 (12.6%) | 4,707 (12.3%) | 68 (11.1%) | 4,569 (12.4%) | 206 (9.9%) | |||
| Education (%) | 0.423 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Less than high school | 5,048 (14%) | 4,363 (14.1%) | 685 (13.4%) | 4,853 (13.6%) | 195 (31.3%) | 4,706 (13.7%) | 342 (18.3%) | |||
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 5,237 (22.6%) | 4,479 (22.7%) | 758 (21.8%) | 5,105 (22.5%) | 132 (29.3%) | 4,881 (22.3%) | 356 (27.4%) | |||
| Above | 12,757 (63.4%) | 10,805 (63.2%) | 1,952 (64.8%) | 12,595 (63.9%) | 162 (39.4%) | 12,094 (64%) | 663 (54.3%) | |||
| Income (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 1.3 < pir | 7,169 (20.5%) | 5,900 (19.6%) | 1,269 (25.9%) | 6,934 (20.2%) | 235 (37.2%) | 6,585 (19.9%) | 584 (31.2%) | |||
| 3.5 ≤ pir < 3.5 | 8,688 (35.4%) | 7,525 (35.7%) | 1,163 (33.4%) | 8,502 (35.3%) | 186 (41.4%) | 8,171 (35.1%) | 517 (39.4%) | |||
| 3.5 ≤ pir | 7,185 (44.1%) | 6,222 (44.7%) | 963 (40.7%) | 7,117 (44.5%) | 68 (21.4%) | 6,925 (45%) | 260 (29.3%) | |||
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Married | 13,946 (65.1%) | 12,101 (65.9%) | 1,845 (60.4%) | 13,704 (65.1%) | 242 (65.3%) | 13,252 (65.5%) | 694 (58.5%) | |||
| Divorced or widowed | 5,060 (17.9%) | 4,225 (17.5%) | 835 (20%) | 4,843 (17.9%) | 217 (17.4%) | 4,588 (17.2%) | 472 (28.5%) | |||
| Never married | 4,036 (17.1%) | 3,321 (16.6%) | 715 (19.7%) | 4,006 (17.1%) | 30 (17.3%) | 3,841 (17.3%) | 195 (13%) | |||
| BMI [mean (SD)] | 29.22 (6.90) | 29.15 (6.78) | 31.02 (8.21) | <0.001 | 29.21 (6.89) | 29.55 (7.53) | 0.519 | 29.08 (6.79) | 31.44 (8.24) | <0.001 |
| PA [mean (SD)] | 592.43 (417.22) | 545.33 (419.37) | 569.76 (446.4) | 0.208 | 594.37 (419.28) | 488.24 (264.59) | <0.001 | 597.28 (420.29) | 512.47 (353.53) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| T1 | 1,064 (6.7%) | 920 (6.9%) | 144 (6%) | 1,052 (6.9%) | 12 (2.3%) | 1,014 (6.6%) | 50 (4.6%) | |||
| T2 | 7,651 (46.3%) | 6,620 (47.3%) | 1,031 (41.1%) | 7,545 (46.8%) | 106 (24.4%) | 7,289 (47.6%) | 362 (33.3%) | |||
| T3 | 7,687 (46.9%) | 6,323 (45.8%) | 1,364 (52.9%) | 7,382 (46.3%) | 305 (73.2%) | 7,011 (45.8%) | 676 (62.1%) | |||
| Drinking status [mean (SD)] | 0.34 (0.47) | 0.29 (0.46) | 0.28 (0.45) | 0.476 | 0.34 (0.47) | 0.22 (0.42) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.47) | 0.27 (0.45) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 19,258 (87.6%) | 16,520 (87.9%) | 2,738 (85.6%) | 18,924 (87.9%) | 334 (70.7%) | 18,270 (88.3%) | 988 (76.6%) | |||
| Yes | 3,784 (12.4%) | 3,127 (12.1%) | 657 (14.4%) | 3,629 (12.1%) | 155 (29.3%) | 3,411 (11.7%) | 373 (23.4%) | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 0.109 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 12,050 (0%) | 10,362 (58.1%) | 1,688 (56%) | 11,914 (58.3%) | 136 (30.2%) | 11,553 (0%) | 497 (0%) | |||
| Yes | 10,992 (42.2%) | 9,285 (41.9%) | 1,707 (44%) | 10,639 (41.7%) | 353 (69.8%) | 10,128 (41.2%) | 864 (58.9%) | |||
| HEI [mean (SD)] | 54.01 (13.42) | 54.37 (13.44) | 52.52 (13.34) | <0.001 | 54.08 (13.43) | 50.42 (12.40) | <0.001 | 54.16 (13.42) | 51.56 (13.23) | <0.001 |
| DII [mean (SD)] | 1.39 (1.59) | 1.51 (1.58) | 1.69 (1.60) | 0.001 | 1.38 (1.59) | 2.13 (1.38) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.59) | 1.85 (1.49) | <0.001 |
| MED [mean (SD)] | 5.70 (1.01) | 5.71 (1.01) | 5.57 (1.01) | <0.001 | 5.71 (1.01) | 5.38 (0.96) | <0.001 | 5.71 (1.01) | 5.56 (0.98) | <0.001 |
| DASHI [mean (SD)] | 3.52 (1.15) | 3.56 (1.19) | 3.45 (1.14) | 0.049 | 3.52 (1.15) | 3.27 (1.05) | <0.001 | 3.53 (1.15) | 3.36 (1.12) | <0.001 |
| HEI4 (%) | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Q1 | 5,760 (25.3%) | 4,778 (24.7%) | 982 (28.7%) | 5,597 (25.2%) | 163 (30.9%) | 5,334 (24.9%) | 426 (31%) | |||
| Q2 | 5,760 (25.2%) | 4,900 (25.2%) | 860 (25.2%) | 5,609 (25.1%) | 151 (31.8%) | 5,407 (25.2%) | 353 (26.1%) | |||
| Q3 | 5,760 (24.7%) | 4,950 (24.8%) | 810 (23.8%) | 5,645 (24.7%) | 115 (24%) | 5,439 (24.8%) | 321 (23.5%) | |||
| Q4 | 5,761 (24.8%) | 5,018 (25.3%) | 743 (22.3%) | 5,701 (25%) | 60 (13.3%) | 5,500 (25.1%) | 261 (19.4%) | |||
| DII category (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Q1 | 5,760 (28%) | 5,010 (28.6%) | 750 (24.7%) | 5,697 (28.3%) | 63 (11.8%) | 5,530 (28.6%) | 230 (18.2%) | |||
| Q2 | 5,760 (26.1%) | 4,959 (26.1%) | 801 (26.3%) | 5,665 (26.2%) | 95 (22.9%) | 5,453 (26.2%) | 307 (25.8%) | |||
| Q3 | 5,760 (24%) | 4,911 (24.1%) | 849 (23.5%) | 5,610 (23.9%) | 150 (29%) | 5,402 (24%) | 358 (23.3%) | |||
| Q4 | 5,761 (21.9%) | 4,767 (21.3%) | 994 (25.5%) | 5,580 (21.6%) | 181 (36.3%) | 5,295 (21.2%) | 466 (32.8%) | |||
| MEDI category (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Q1 | 7,931 (34.4%) | 6,611 (33.8%) | 1,320 (37.3%) | 7,689 (34.1%) | 242 (46%) | 7,359 (34%) | 572 (41.1%) | |||
| Q2 | 4,270 (18.3%) | 3,617 (18%) | 653 (19.8%) | 4,173 (18.2%) | 97 (20.6%) | 4,018 (18.2%) | 252 (18.4%) | |||
| Q3 | 7,204 (31.7%) | 6,233 (32.2%) | 971 (29.3%) | 7,104 (31.9%) | 100 (23.9%) | 6,834 (32%) | 370 (27.5%) | |||
| Q4 | 3,577 (15.7%) | 3,142 (16%) | 435 (13.6%) | 3,531 (15.8%) | 46 (9.5%) | 3,416 (15.8%) | 161 (13%) | |||
| DASHI category (%) | 0.22 | 0.006 | 0.011 | |||||||
| Q1 | 5,761 (25%) | 4,818 (24.7%) | 943 (26.7%) | 5,617 (25%) | 144 (26.6%) | 5,366 (24.8%) | 395 (29.5%) | |||
| Q2 | 5,760 (26%) | 4,877 (26%) | 883 (26%) | 5,605 (25.8%) | 155 (31.8%) | 5,385 (25.9%) | 375 (27.2%) | |||
| Q3 | 5,760 (25.6%) | 4,942 (25.6%) | 818 (25.4%) | 5,642 (25.5%) | 118 (26.7%) | 5,431 (25.7%) | 329 (23.8%) | |||
| Q4 | 5,761 (23.5%) | 5,010 (23.7%) | 751 (21.9%) | 5,689 (23.6%) | 72 (14.8%) | 5,499 (23.7%) | 262 (19.5%) | |||
BMI, body mass index; PA, physical activity; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; DII, Dietary Inflammation Index; MEDI, Mediterranean Dietary Index; DASHI, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Index; p, p-value.