Fig. 2.

Cannabis accessions originate from diverse regions with contrasting soil nutrient availabilities. Geographic distribution of accessions included in the determination of Cannabis domestication history was overlaid with soil nutrient availability constraints. Although the exact origin of Cannabis is unknown, accessions genetically close to the progenitor (basal accessions) originate from regions of northern China with constraints on nutrient availability ranging from none/slight to severe (percentages indicate ratings of growth potential). This wide ancestral adaptation to various soil types enabled subsequent worldwide domestication and local selection of hemp- and drug-type landraces with diverse trait combinations at least partially linked to agronomic constraints of their ancestral origin. Data for Cannabis accessions are based on field or seed bank collections (Zhang et al., 2018; Ren et al., 2021; Mostafaei Dehnavi et al., 2022). Soil nutrient availability data were downloaded from the FAO Global Soil Partnership website (https://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership) and visualized using Data Basin (https://databasin.org).