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. 2024 Apr 23;76(1):52–75. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erae189

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Fig. 2. — Tissue culture and genetic transformation differences between monocots and dicots. (A) Preferred choice of explants in monocots are: shoot apex (SA), axillary bud (AB), immature embryo (IE), embryogenic callus (EC), callus (C), and somatic embryo (SE). (B) Biolistic transformation is more frequently used to transform monocot species where a piece of linearized DNA containing a gene(s) of interest (GOI) and one of a limited set of selectable markers (Sel) are coated onto microparticles that are delivered into the explant through high velocity bombardment. (C) Direct or indirect somatic embryogenesis is the predominant regeneration pathway in monocot post-transformation. (D) Preferred choice of explants in dicots are: SA, flowers (F), microspores (M), cotyledons (CO), hypocotyls (H), epicotyls (E), embryonic axis (EA), cotyledonary nodes (CN), embryonic leaflets (EL), EC, AB, C, and SE. (E) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of GOI with one of a broader range of selectable markers in a transformation vector. (F) Dicots exhibit regenerable callus formation from many types of explants due to direct or indirect organogenesis, the products of which can be readily regenerated into entire plants. Regenerated shoot (RS), somatic embryo (SE), callus (C), and mature leaf (ML).