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. 2024 Dec 6;4:1433995. doi: 10.3389/fbinf.2024.1433995

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Copyright © 2024 Tagliacollo, Tan, Reis, Gaia, Carrijo, Ranuzi, Craig and Albert.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A time-calibrated phylogeny of Cyprinodontiformes illustrates the evolutionary relationships among Neotropical clades including Rivulidae, Profundulidae, Cyprinodontidae, Poeciliidae, Anablepidae, and Fluviphylacidae, as well as their respective genera. Divergence estimates place the origin of this clade in the Upper Cretaceous, with the most recent common ancestor of Rivulidae, Cyprinodontidae, and Fluviphylacidae appearing in the Eocene, and that of Profundulidae, Poeciliidae, and Anablepidae in the Oligocene. Pie charts on nodes indicate bootstrap support, with the proportion of black space corresponding to the percentage of bootstrap replicates in support. Full black circles represent 100% support. All GenBank accession numbers, alignments, species-level relationships, divergence clade estimates and species representativeness percentages are provided in the Supplementary Material. This phylogeny, as well as one with nodes bearing bootstrap values below 70% collapsed, is available as a Newick string in the Supplementary Material and can be found in the “phy” folder.