Table 3.
Comparative analysis of psychopathology, functioning, and cognitive functioning between the MBI-p and Psychoeducation groups using the Linear Mixed Effect Model.
| Outcomes, mean (SD)a | MBI-p (n = 77) | Psychoeducation (n = 75) | Intervention* Time Interactionb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n = 77) |
Post-intervention (n = 64) |
Termination (n = 64) |
Baseline (n = 75) |
Post-intervention (n = 62) |
Termination (n = 62) |
Baseline Vs Post-intervention | Baseline Vs Termination | |||
| Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | |||||||
| Psychopathology | ||||||||||
| PANSS | ||||||||||
| Total | 35.09 (5.02) | 39.86 (8.15) | 41.50 (9.31) | 34.73 (4.63) | 37.47 (4.86) | 37.61 (4.44) | −1.657 (−3.725, 0.411) | 0.116 | −2.359 (−4.577, −0.142) | 0.037* |
| Positive | 7.44 (1.06) | 7.81 (2.73) | 8.77 (3.51) | 7.39 (1.10) | 7.55 (1.16) | 7.69 (1.49) | −0.196 (−0.904, 0.513) | 0.586 | −0.677 (−1.526, 0.173) | 0.118 |
| Negative | 8.49 (2.80) | 8.70 (3.22) | 8.95 (3.57) | 8.59 (2.68) | 8.47 (2.57) | 8.10 (2.47) | −0.147 (−0.947, 0.653) | 0.717 | −0.604 (−1.653, 0.445) | 0.257 |
| General psychopathology | 19.16 (3.37) | 19.80 (4.87) | 20.20 (5.02) | 18.76 (3.47) | 18.11 (2.64) | 18.52 (2.55) | −1.120 (−2.443, 0.202) | 0.096 | −0.814 (−2.085, 0.458) | 0.208 |
| CDSS | 1.96 (2.28) | 2.14 (2.75) | 1.91 (2.64) | 2.00 (2.47) | 1.26 (1.76) | 1.47 (1.92) | −0.913 (−1.704, −0.122) | 0.024* | −0.628 (−1.496, 0.240) | 0.155 |
| Medication compliance | ||||||||||
| Attitude | 3.29 (0.59) | 3.39 (0.3) | 3.39 (0.64) | 3.50 (0.57) | 3.55 (0.54) | 3.49 (0.67) | 0.002 (−0.130, 0.134) | 0.976 | 0.010 (−0.151, 0.171) | 0.902 |
| Behavior | 3.70 (0.37) | 3.63 (0.37) | 3.69 (0.40) | 3.70 (0.42) | 3.70 (0.40) | 3.72 (0.47) | 0.105 (−0.002, 0.212) | 0.055 | 0.028 (−0.115, 0.171) | 0.696 |
| Functioning and life quality | ||||||||||
| RFS | 20.09 (2.31) | 19.97 (1.93) | 20.04 (2.31) | 20.12 (2.33) | 20.40 (2.54) | 20.40 (2.42) | 0.277 (−0.289, 0.843) | 0.578 | 0.133 (−0.595, 0.860) | 0.719 |
| SOFAS | 67.92 (9.08) | 67.48 (10.05) | 70.42 (9.89) | 68.15 (11.42) | 69.73 (11.02) | 72.46 (11.75) | 1.572 (−1.230, 4.373) | 0.270 | 1.024 (−1.978, 4.026) | 0.501 |
| Social functioning | ||||||||||
| Social engagement | 6.22 (2.25) | 5.98 (2.24) | 6.61 (2.20) | 6.49 (2.03) | 6.52 (2.17) | 6.89 (2.01) | 0.311 (−0.371, 0.992) | 0.369 | 0.128 (−0.515, 0.772) | 0.694 |
| Relationships | 5.91 (1.83) | 5.91 (1.98) | 6.05 (1.91) | 5.67 (1.57) | 5.50 (1.91) | 5.57 (1.68) | −0.139 (−0.561, 0.283) | 0.516 | −0.317 (−0.751, 0.117) | 0.151 |
| Social activities | 15.62 (7.42) | 14.70 (6.48) | 14.11 (6.72) | 16.33 (7.08) | 17.71 (6.12) | 15.82 (5.80) | 2.600 (0.815, 4.386) | 0.005* | 2.601 (0.808, 4.395) | 0.005* |
| SF-12 | ||||||||||
| Physical | 15.71 (2.65) | 15.95 (2.59) | 15.80 (3.16) | 16.38 (2.59) | 16.54 (2.49) | 16.47 (2.64) | 0.007 (−0.685, 0.698) | 0.984 | −0.048 (−0.805, 0.709) | 0.901 |
| Mental | 20.26 (3.58) | 20.09 (3.55) | 20.65 (3.85) | 20.77 (3.83) | 20.63 (4.18) | 20.98 (3.97) | 0.348 (−0.909, 1.606) | 0.585 | 0.157 (−0.976, 1.291) | 0.784 |
| Neurocognitive | ||||||||||
| Visual pattern test | ||||||||||
| Total correct items | 20.41 (6.66) | 21.87 (7.35) | 24.29 (7.10) | 20.65 (7.47) | 22.65 (6.79) | 24.05 (6.35) | 1.052 (−0.717, 2.820) | 0.241 | −0.321 (−2.462, 1.820) | 0.767 |
| Longest item passed | 9.44 (2.41) | 9.82 (2.71) | 10.51 (2.55) | 9.32 (2.78) | 10.19 (2.48) | 10.47 (2.38) | 0.417 (−0.356, 1.190) | 0.288 | 0.122 (−0.685, 0.929) | 0.765 |
| Letter-number span | ||||||||||
| Total correct items | 13.38 (4.13) | 14.52 (3.74) | 16.31 (4.45) | 14.55 (3.50) | 15.49 (4.19) | 16.59 (3.63) | −0.335 (−1.522, 0.852) | 0.578 | −0.976 (−2.266, 0.314) | 0.137 |
| Longest item passed | 5.64 (3.37) | 5.54 (1.23) | 6.11 (1.34) | 5.55 (1.01) | 5.87 (1.20) | 6.07 (1.10) | 0.420 (−0.419, 1.259) | 0.324 | 0.075 (−0.843, 0.992) | 0.873 |
CDSS Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, LMM Linear Mixed Effect Model, n number, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PSP Personal and Social Performance Scale, RFS Role-Functioning Scale, SANS Scale for Negative Symptoms, SAPS Scale for Positive Symptoms, SD standard deviation, SF-12 12-item Short-Form Survey, SOFAS Social and Occupational Functioning, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale.
*p < 0.05, bold and asterisked.
aRaw mean calculated based on the indicated sample size.
bAge is included as covariate.