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. 2024 Dec 19;7:1669. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-07342-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Upstream regulator analysis via IPA demonstrated that the DEGs in the Prtg⁻^/⁻ samples were significantly associated with TGFβ1. b GSEA revealed that TGFβ signaling was significantly altered in Prtg⁻^/⁻ embryos. c Heatmap of the expression levels of genes within the TGFβ signaling gene set. d The expression levels of TGFβ signaling target genes in the Prtg^+/+, Prtg^+/⁻, and Prtg⁻^/⁻ posterior trunk samples were quantified using qRT-PCR. Tbp was used as the reference gene. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance relative to Prtg^+/+ is indicated (n = 4 for each bar; ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001, by one-way ANOVA). e Western blot analysis of the Prtg, phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2), total Smad2, and Smad4 levels in Prtg^+/+, Prtg^+/⁻, and Prtg⁻^/⁻ posterior trunk samples. Gapdh was used as an internal control. The molecular weight ladders are labeled, and the estimated molecular weight size is indicated by a tilde. f Quantitative results of (e). The level of pSmad2 was significantly decreased in the Prtg⁻^/⁻ samples. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance relative to Prtg^+/+ is indicated (n = 4 for each bar; ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001, by one-way ANOVA).