. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 20.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024 Apr 17;20(7):447–459. doi: 10.1038/s41581-024-00834-0

Table 1.

Examples of potential therapeutic approaches targeting maladaptive epithelial cell signaling after kidney transplantation

Therapeutic approach	Mechanism of action
Interleukin 6 blockage¹⁰⁹	Inhibition of T-cell invasion by targeting interleukin 6 production from basophils attracted by injured epithelial cells
Basophil depletion¹⁰⁹	Inhibition of basophils attracted by injured epithelial cells, leading to reduced production of interleukin 6 and decreased attraction of T cells
Pyroptosis/ferroptosis inhibition^51,58,59,61	By inhibiting pyroptosis/ferroptosis in maladaptive epithelial cells, they can be redirected towards adaptive repair
CAR T cell therapy¹¹⁰	Targeted destruction of maladaptive epithelial cells
Senolytic treatment^111,112	Removal of potentially senescent maladaptive kidney cells
Epithelial cell differentiation and metabolism^113–116	Promotion of differentiation and signaling towards baseline metabolism, inhibition of dedifferentiation