Table 5.
Joinpoint Regression Analysis of Age-Standardized Incidence Rate of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Underlying Etiologies in China From 1990 to 2021.
| Trend 1 | Trend 2 | Trend 3 | Trend 4 | Trend 5 | 1990-2021 AAPC (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genders | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Both | 1990-1995 | −0.19 (−0.43, 0.05) | 1995-2000 | 1.60* (1.35, 1.86) | 2000-2005 | −3.39 (−3.60, −3.19) | 2005-2016 | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | 2016-2021 | −1.70 (−1.99, −1.40) | −0.31 (−0.39, −0.23) |
| Female | 1990-1995 | −0.63 (−0.93, −0.34) | 1995-2000 | −0.03 (−0.38, 0.32) | 2000-2005 | −3.10 (−3.37, −2.82) | 2005-2016 | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) | 2016-2021 | −1.95 (−2.28, 1.61) | −0.64 (−0.73, −0.54) | |
| Male | 1990-1995 | −0.02 (−0.22, 0.18) | 1995-2000 | 2.32 (2.09, 2.54) | 2000-2005 | −3.27 (−3.45, −3.09) | 2005-2015 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 2015-2021 | −1.14 (−1.34, −0.94) | −0.10 (−0.17, −0.04) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis B | Both | 1990-1995 | −0.03 (−0.47, 0.41) | 1995-2000 | 2.11 (1.60, 2.62) | 2000-2005 | −3.74 (−4.15, −3.32) | 2005-2017 | 0.43 (0.33, 0.54) | 2017-2021 | −2.48 (−3.40, 1.56) | −0.44 (−0.61, −0.27) |
| Female | 1990-2001 | −0.31 (−0.44, −0.18) | 2001-2004 | −4.09 (−5.48, −2.69) | 2004-2009 | −1.24 (−1.72, −0.75) | 2009-2016 | 0.51 (0.21, 0.81) | 2016-2021 | −2.26 (−2.77, −1.75) | −0.97 (−1.15, −0.78) | |
| Male | 1990-1995 | 0.08 (−0.24, 0.40) | 1995-2000 | 2.50 (2.14, 2.86) | 2000-2005 | −3.50 (−3.87, −3.31) | 2005-2016 | 0.62 (0.54, 0.71) | 2016-2021 | −1.82 (−2.26, −1.38) | −0.26 (−0.37, −0.15) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis C | Both | 1990-1995 | −1.02 (−1.43, −0.61) | 1995-2000 | 0.37 (−0.15, 0.90) | 2000-2005 | −2.09 (−2.56, −1.62) | 2005-2013 | 1.20 (1.01, 1.39) | 2013-2021 | −0.42 (−0.63, −0.22) | −0.25* (−0.39, −0.11) |
| Female | 1990-1994 | −1.15 (−1.52, −0.77) | 1994-2000 | −0.61 (−0.84, −0.38) | 2000-2005 | −2.08 (−2.35, −1.81) | 2005-2015 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 2015-2021 | −1.25 (−1.46, −1.03) | −0.50 (−0.59, −0.41) | |
| Male | 1990-1995 | −0.89 (−1.49, −0.29) | 1995-2000 | 2.00 (1.17, 2.84) | 2000-2005 | −1.69 (−2.40, −0.98) | 2005-2010 | 1.60 (0.96, 2.25) | 2010-2021 | −0.20 (−0.39, −0.00) | 0.09 (−0.13, 0.31) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to alcohol use | Both | 1990-2000 | 0.35 (0.21, 0.48) | 2000-2005 | −2.15 (−2.64, −1.66) | 2005-2010 | 3.44 (2.98, 3.01) | 2010-2015 | 1.80 (1.33, 2.27) | 2015-2021 | −0.87 (−1.18, −0.55) | 0.43 (0.28, 0.57) |
| Female | 1990-2000 | −0.01 (−0.16, 0.14) | 2000-2005 | −2.27 (−2.76, −1.78) | 2005-2011 | 3.01 (2.65, 3.37) | 2011-2017 | 0.90 (0.53, 1.27) | 2017-2021 | −2.72 (−3.38, −2.05) | 0.02 (−0.13, 0.17) | |
| Male | 1990-2000 | 0.56 (0.42, 0.70) | 2000-2005 | −1.91 (−2.41, −1.41) | 2005-2010 | 3.72 (3.25, 4.19) | 2010-2015 | 1.66 (1.17, 2.15) | 2015-2021 | −0.44 (−0.80, −0.09) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.79) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to NASH | Both | 1990-1995 | −0.29 (−0.65, 0.07) | 1995-2000 | 2.37 (1.90, 2.85) | 2000-2005 | −2.94 (−3.37, −2.51) | 2005-2015 | 2.74 (2.60, 2.87) | 2015-2021 | −1.10 (−1.40, −0.80) | 0.51 (0.38, 0.64) |
| Female | 1990-2021 | 0.53 (0.34, 0.72) | 2001-2005 | −3.94 (−5.04, −2.82) | 2005-2015 | 3.02 (2.79, 3.24) | 2015-2019 | −0.58 (−1.99, 0.86) | 2019-2021 | −5.60 (−9.13, −1.94) | 0.18 (−0.15, 0.51) | |
| Male | 1990-1995 | −0.48 (−0.77, −0.19) | 1995-2000 | 3.41 (3.01, 3.82) | 2000-2005 | −2.12 (−2.48, −1.75) | 2005-2014 | 2.41 (2.28, 2.54) | 2014-2021 | −0.21 (−0.43, 0.00) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to other cause | Both | 1990-1995 | −0.80 (−1.06, −0.55) | 1995-2000 | 1.34 (1.02, 1.65) | 2000-2005 | −3.43 (−3.71, −3.15) | 2005-2016 | 0.65 (0.57, 0.72) | 2016-2021 | −1.71 (−1.99, −1.42) | −0.53 (−0.62, −0.44) |
| Female | 1990-1995 | −0.70 (−0.99, −0.41) | 1995-2000 | 0.62 (0.27, 0.98) | 2000-2005 | −3.42 (−3.73, −3.11) | 2005-2017 | 0.28 (0.21, 0.35) | 2017-2021 | −3.44 (−3.90, −2.98) | −0.91 (−1.02, −0.81) | |
| Male | 1990-1995 | −0.88 (−1.05, −0.71) | 1995-2000 | 2.08 (1.87, 2.30) | 2000-2005 | −3.24 (−3.44, −3.05) | 2005-2015 | 0.88 (0.81, 0.94) | 2015-2021 | −0.56 (−0.73, −0.40) | −0.17 (−0.23, −0.11) | |
APC: annual percentage change; AAPC: average annual percentage change; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.