Table 6.
Joinpoint Regression Analysis of Age-Standardized Mortality Rate of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Underlying Etiologies in China From 1990 to 2021.
| Trend 1 | Trend 2 | Trend 3 | Trend 4 | Trend 5 | 1990-2021 AAPC (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genders | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | Years | APC (95%CI) | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Both | 1990-1994 | −0.75 (−2.64, 1.17) | 1994-2001 | 1.00 (0.17, 1.83) | 2001-2005 | −4.42 (−6.34, −2.45) | 2005-2017 | −0.02 (−0.35, 0.31) | 2017-2021 | −2.52 (−5.08, 0.10) | −0.79 (−1.30, −0.28) |
| Female | 1990-2001 | −0.44 (−0.74, −0.14) | 2001-2005 | −3.67 (−5.13, −2.18) | 2005-2012 | −0.15 (−0.76, 0.47) | 2012-2015 | 2.15 (−1.54, 5.97) | 2015-2021 | −2.31 (−3.24, −1.38) | −0.92 (−1.36, −0.47) | |
| Male | 1990-1994 | −0.70 (−2.66, 1.29) | 1994-2001 | 1.63 (0.77, 2.49) | 2001-2005 | −4.30 (−6.26, −2.29) | 2005-2015 | −0.06 (−0.47, 0.35) | 2015-2021 | −1.49 (−2.88, −0.09) | −0.60 (−1.08, −0.12) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis B | Both | 1990-1994 | −0.51 (−2.18, 1.19) | 1994-2001 | 1.34 (0.61, 2.07) | 2001-2005 | −4.81 (−6.62, −2.97) | 2005-2018 | −0.52 (−0.80, −0.25) | 2018-2021 | −3.56 (−7.35, 0.38) | −0.97 (−1.47, −0.46) |
| Female | 1990-2001 | −0.29 (−0.54, −0.05) | 2001-2005 | −3.99 (−5.39, −2.56) | 2005-2012 | −1.42 (−1.94, −0.89) | 2012-2016 | 1.19 (−0.55, 2.97) | 2016-2021 | −3.34 (−4.37, −2.29) | −1.34 (−1.68, −0.99) | |
| Male | 1990-1994 | −0.50 (−2.25, 1.28)_ | 1994-2001 | 1.70 (0.95, 2.44) | 2001-2005 | −4.68 (−6.50, −2.83) | 2005-2017 | −0.40 (−0.69, −0.10) | 2017-2021 | −2.70 (−5.16, −0.19) | −0.81 (−1.28, −0.33) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis C | Both | 1990-1997 | −1.05 (−1.93, −0.16) | 1997-2001 | 0.63 (−2.51, 3.87) | 2001-2006 | −2.83 (−4.51, −1.13) | 2006-2014 | 0.80 (0.00, 1.60) | 2014-2021 | −0.98 (−1.92, −0.04) | −0.64 (−1.20, −0.07) |
| Female | 1990-2002 | −0.99 (−1.28, −0.69) | 2002-2006 | −2.79 (−4.57, −0.97) | 2006-2012 | 0.56 (−0.47, 1.60) | 2012-2015 | 1.94 (−2.55, 6.62) | 2015-2021 | −1.88 (−2.89, −0.86) | −0.82 (−1.36, −0.28) | |
| Male | 1990-1995 | −1.18 (−2.81, 0.48) | 1995-2002 | 1.49 (0.23, 2.77) | 2002-2006 | −3.43 (−6.29, −0.49) | 2006-2009 | 2.22 (−4.45, 9.36) | 2009-2021 | −0.60 (−1.08, −0.13) | −0.33 (−1.14, 0.49) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to alcohol use | Both | 1990-2001 | 0.18 (−0.12, 0.49) | 2001-2006 | −2.53 (−3.77, −1.27) | 2006-2009 | 4.42 (0.41, 8.60) | 2009-2017 | 0.74 (0.20, 1.28) | 2017-2021 | −2.14 (−3.77, −0.47) | −0.02 (−0.50, 0.46) |
| Female | 1990-2001 | −0.12 (−0.41, 0.17) | 2001-2006 | −2.66 (−3.77, −1.54) | 2006-2009 | 4.14 (0.18, 8.26) | 2009-2017 | 0.84 (0.32, 1.37) | 2017-2021 | −3.43 (−5.02, −1.81) | −0.32 (−0.78, 0.15) | |
| Male | 1990-2002 | 0.28 (−0.02, 0.59) | 2002-2006 | −2.84 (−4.98, −0.66) | 2006-2009 | 4.78 (0.32, 9.43) | 2009-2015 | 0.77 (−0.21, 1.76) | 2015-2021 | −0.72 (−1.73, 0.29) | 0.20 (−0.35, 0.75) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to NASH | Both | 1990-1994 | −0.83 (−2.71, 1.08) | 1994-2001 | 1.60 (0.64, 2.57) | 2001-2006 | −3.18 (−4.85, ) | 2006-2015 | 2.47 (1.84, 3.11) | 2015-2021 | −1.59 (−2.73, −0.44) | 0.13 (−0.36, 0.61) |
| Female | 1990-1993 | −1.00 (−4.09, 2.19) | 1993-2001 | 0.90 (0.13, 1.68) | 2001-2005 | −4.62 (−7.01, −2.17) | 2005-2017 | 2.37 (1.98, 2.75) | 2017-2021 | −4.45 (−6.71, −2.15) | −0.16 (−0.71, 0.40) | |
| Male | 1990-1995 | −0.70 (−1.96, 0.58) | 1995-2001 | 2.91 (1.65, 4.19) | 2001-2006 | −2.59 (−4.22, −0.92) | 2006-2014 | 1.95 (1.25, 2.65) | 2014-2021 | −0.73 (−1.64, 0.19) | 0.35 (−0.11, 0.82) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma due to other cause | Both | 1990-1993 | −2.02 (−4.86, 0.89) | 1993-2001 | 0.61 (−0.05, 1.28) | 2001-2005 | −4.34 (−6.51, −2.13) | 2005-2018 | −0.18 (−0.48, 0.11) | 2018-2021 | −3.65 (−6.80, −0.38) | −1.05 (−1.56, −0.53) |
| Female | 1990-1992 | −2.56 (−8.00, 3.20) | 1992-2001 | 0.13 (−0.37, 0.63) | 2001-2005 | −4.39 (−6.43, −2.30) | 2005-1018 | −0.31 (−0.58, −0.03) | 2018-2021 | −5.53 (−8.53, −2.42) | −1.38 (−1.92, −0.83) | |
| Male | 1990-1994 | −1.70 (−3.46, 0.09) | 1994-2001 | 1.34 (0.48, 2.21) | 2001-2005 | −4.18 (−6.34, −1.96) | 2005-2017 | −0.12 (−0.47, 0.23) | 2017-2021 | −1.36 (−3.79, 1.14) | −0.69 (−1.20, −0.18) | |
APC: annual percentage change; AAPC: average annual percentage change; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.