Fig. 5.

A The process of necrotic apoptosis. The activation of distinct death ligands by disparate external signalling stimuli prompts the phosphorylation of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and the formation of oligomeric complexes, which facilitate the rupture of the cell membrane and the release of cellular contents, resulting in the swelling and rupture of the cell and a peripheral inflammatory response. B Caspase-8 acts as a molecular switch that regulates the processes of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. The cell's fate is determined by the interactions of caspase-8 with both pro- and anti-apoptotic factors