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. 2024 Dec 19;17:148. doi: 10.1186/s13068-024-02594-2

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Optimizing coculture systems by spatial partitioning. A Microcapsule-based spatial arrangement using hydrogels; B 3D printing technology to form a spatial isolation structure; C separating different strains using a semipermeable membrane; D using microfluidics technology to control the contact frequency of strains