Table 3.
The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants (n = 779)
| Number | Variables | Total (n = 3116) | Training set (n = 2496) | Test set (n = 620) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Group | < 0.001* | |||
| 0 = Medium-dose glimepiride | 244 (7.8) | 208 (8.3) | 36 (5.8) | ||
| 1 = Diet/exercise therapy | 876 (28.1) | 672 (26.9) | 204 (32.9) | ||
| 2 = Low-dose glimepiride | 340 (10.9) | 272 (10.9) | 68 (11.0) | ||
| 3 = Biguanide | 452 (14.5) | 364 (14.6) | 88 (14.2) | ||
| 4 = Thiazolidine | 176 (5.6) | 140 (5.6) | 36 (5.8) | ||
| 5 = α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 92 (3.0) | 60 (2.4) | 32 (5.2) | ||
| 6 = Combination of two or more of the above drugs | 936 (30.0) | 780 (31.2) | 156 (25.2) | ||
| 2 | Age (years) | 64.00 (56.00–73.00) | 64.00 (56.00–73.00) | 63.00 (55.00–73.00) | 0.495 |
| 3 | Sex | 0.800 | |||
| 0 = Female | 1032 (33.1) | 824 (33.0) | 208 (33.5) | ||
| 1 = Male | 2084 (66.9) | 1672 (67.0) | 412 (66.5) | ||
| 4 | Height (cm) | 164.00 (155.00-170.00) | 163.90 (155.00-170.00) | 164.00 (155.00-169.00) | 0.461 |
| 5 | Waist (cm) | 87.50 (81.50–94.00) | 87.50 (81.50–94.00) | 87.00 (82.00–95.00) | 0.224 |
| 6 | Smoking | 0.583 | |||
| 0 = No | 1596 (51.2) | 1280 (51.3) | 316 (51.0) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 720 (23.1) | 584 (23.4) | 136 (21.9) | ||
| 2 = Past | 800 (25.7) | 632 (25.3) | 168 (27.1) | ||
| 7 | Drinking | 0.832 | |||
| 0 = No | 1600 (51.3) | 1284 (51.4) | 316 (51.0) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 1516 (48.7) | 1212 (48.6) | 304 (49.0) | ||
| 8 | Duration of T2DM (months) | 90.00 (48.00-139.00) | 96.00 (47.50–144.00) | 72.00 (48.00-120.00) | < 0.001* |
| 9 | History of hypertension | 0.437 | |||
| 0 = No | 1244 (39.9) | 988 (39.6) | 256 (41.3) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 1872 (60.1) | 1508 (60.4) | 364 (58.7) | ||
| 10 | History of dyslipidemia | 0.049* | |||
| 0 = No | 1140 (36.6) | 892 (35.7) | 248(40.0) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 1976 (63.4) | 1604 (64.3) | 372 (60.0) | ||
| 11 | History of hyperuricemia | 0.138 | |||
| 0 = No | 2804 (90.0) | 2256 (90.4) | 548 (88.4) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 312 (10.0) | 240 (9.6) | 72 (11.6) | ||
| 12 | History of retinopathy | 0.107 | |||
| 0 = No | 2888 (92.7) | 2304 (92.3) | 584 (94.2) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 228 (7.3) | 192 (7.7) | 36 (5.8) | ||
| 13 | History of arteriosclerosis obliterans | 0.153 | |||
| 0 = No | 2872 (92.2) | 2292 (91.8) | 580 (93.5) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 244 (7.8) | 204 (8.2) | 40 (6.5) | ||
| 14 | History of atrial fibrillation | 0.004* | |||
| 0 = No | 3044 (97.7) | 2448 (98.1) | 596 (96.1) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 72 (2.3) | 48 (1.9) | 24 (3.9) | ||
| 15 | History of kidney disease | 0.238 | |||
| 0 = No | 2880 (92.4) | 2300 (92.1) | 580 (93.5) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 236 (7.6) | 196 (7.9) | 40 (6.5) | ||
| 16 | History of liver disease | 0.832 | |||
| 0 = No | 2848 (91.4) | 2280 (91.3) | 568 (91.6) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 268 (8.6) | 216 (8.7) | 52 (8.4) | ||
| 17 | History of myocardial infarction | 0.843 | |||
| 0 = No | 3032 (97.3) | 2428 (97.3) | 604 (97.4) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 84 (2.7) | 68 (2.7) | 16 (2.6) | ||
| 18 | History of cerebral infarction | 0.584 | |||
| 0 = No | 2912 (93.5) | 2328 (93.3) | 584 (94.2) | ||
| 1 = Hemorrhagic | 4 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 2 = Infarction | 200 (6.4) | 164 (6.6) | 36 (5.8) | ||
| 19 | History of angina pectoris | 0.614 | |||
| 0 = No | 2984 (95.8) | 2388 (95.7) | 596 (96.1) | ||
| 1 = Yes | 132 (4.2) | 108 (4.3) | 24 (3.9) | ||
| 20 | History of heart failure | 0.003* | |||
| 0 = No | |||||
| 1 = Yes | 56 (1.8) | 36 (1.4) | 20 (3.2) | ||
| 21 | SBP (mmHg) | 130.00 (120.00-140.00) | 130.00 (120.00-140.00) | 130.00 (121.00-140.00) | 0.711 |
| 22 | DBP (mmHg) | 76.00 (70.00–82.00) | 76.00 (70.00–82.00) | 77.00 (70.00–82.00) | 0.214 |
| 23 | Pulse rate (bpm) | 76.00 (69.75-85.00) | 76.00 (70.00–85.00) | 74.50 (69.00–84.00) | 0.018* |
| 24 | Weight (kg) | 65.50 (57.18-75.00) | 65.20 (57.50-75.12) | 66.00 (56.00–74.00) | 0.302 |
| 25 | BMI (kg/m2) | 24.57 (22.46–27.51) | 24.56 (22.50-27.62) | 24.70 (22.34–27.13) | 0.234 |
| 26 | HbA1c (%) | 7.20 (6.70–7.90) | 7.20 (6.70–7.90) | 7.20 (6.70–7.90) | 0.588 |
| 27 | FPG (mg/dL) | 137.00 (119.00-161.00) | 137.00 (119.00-161.00) | 137.00 (116.00-163.00) | 0.714 |
| 28 | Insulin (µU/mL) | 6.30 (4.20–9.40) | 6.40 (4.21–9.40) | 5.96 (3.98–9.30) | 0.079 |
| 29 | HOMA-IR | 2.13 (1.34–3.34) | 2.15 (1.34–3.36) | 2.10 (1.29–3.29) | 0.204 |
| 30 | HOMA-β (%) | 32.10 (19.20–53.30) | 32.40 (19.40–52.80) | 30.85 (18.30-56.05) | 0.753 |
| 31 | RBC (×104/µL) | 455.00 (424.00-488.00) | 454.00 (424.75–487.00) | 461.00 (423.00-494.00) | 0.195 |
| 32 | WBC (/µL) | 6100.00 (5087.50-7322.50) | 6165.00 (5100.00-7380.00) | 5965.00 (5000.00-7200.00) | 0.043* |
| 33 | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.00 (12.90–15.00) | 13.90 (12.90–15.00) | 14.10 (13.00-14.90) | 0.649 |
| 34 | Hematocrit (%) | 42.60 (39.80–45.30) | 42.60 (39.80–45.20) | 42.85 (39.90–45.50) | 0.495 |
| 35 | Platele (×104/µL) | 21.70 (18.50–25.60) | 21.70 (18.40–25.40) | 21.95 (18.80–26.60) | 0.013* |
| 36 | TG (mg/dL) | 121.00 (85.00-177.00) | 123.00 (86.00-179.00) | 111.50 (80.00-170.25) | 0.002* |
| 37 | HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.00 (44.00–62.00) | 52.00 (44.00–61.00) | 53.00 (46.00–64.00) | 0.006* |
| 38 | LDL-C (mg/dL) | 109.00 (91.00-130.00) | 109.00 (92.00-130.00) | 110.00 (89.75–131.00) | 0.593 |
| 39 | AST (U/L) | 21.00 (18.00–27.00) | 21.00 (18.00–27.00) | 21.00 (18.00–28.00) | 0.495 |
| 40 | ALT (U/L) | 21.00 (15.00–31.00) | 21.00 (15.00–31.00) | 20.00 (15.00–30.00) | 0.749 |
| 41 |
 -GTP (U/L) |
30.00 (19.00–49.00) | 30.00 (19.00–49.00) | 29.50 (19.00–51.00) | 0.727 |
| 42 | BUN (mg/dL) | 14.90 (12.20–17.90) | 14.95 (12.20–18.00) | 14.40 (12.10-17.83) | 0.337 |
| 43 | UA (Uric acid-mg/dL) | 5.30 (4.40–6.20) | 5.40 (4.50–6.30) | 5.10 (4.30–6.10) | 0.008* |
| 44 | Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.74 (0.62–0.88) | 0.75 (0.62–0.88) | 0.72 (0.61–0.86) | 0.015* |
| 45 | Na (mEq/L) | 140.00 (139.00-142.00) | 140.00 (139.00-142.00) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 0.003* |
| 46 | Cl (mEq/L) | 103.00 (101.00-105.00) | 103.00 (101.00-105.00) | 103.00 (101.00-104.00) | 0.244 |
| 47 | K (mEq/L) | 4.30 (4.00-4.60) | 4.30 (4.00-4.60) | 4.40 (4.00-4.70) | 0.009* |
| 48 | Urinary protein | 0.022* | |||
| 0=”-” | 2196 (70.5) | 1766 (70.8) | 430 (69.4) | ||
| 1="±” | 476 (15.3) | 392 (15.7) | 84 (13.5) | ||
| 2="+” | 257 (8.2) | 188 (7.5) | 69 (11.1) | ||
| 3="++” | 110 (3.5) | 92 (3.7) | 18 (2.9) | ||
| 4="+++” | 77 (2.5) | 58 (2.3) | 19 (3.1) | ||
| 5="++++” | 2196 (70.5) | 1766 (70.8) | 430 (69.4) | ||
| 49 | Urinary sugar | 0.120 | |||
| 0=”-” | 2098 (67.3) | 1704 (68.3) | 394 (63.5) | ||
| 1="±” | 184 (5.9) | 151 (6.0) | 33 (5.3) | ||
| 2="+” | 273 (8.8) | 207 (8.3) | 66 (10.6) | ||
| 3="++” | 206 (6.6) | 162 (6.5) | 44 (7.1) | ||
| 4="+++” | 331 (10.6) | 255 (10.2) | 76 (12.3) | ||
| 5="++++” | 24 (0.8) | 17 (0.7) | 7 (1.1) | ||
| 50 | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | 75.41 (63.80–89.10) | 74.77 (63.35–88.10) | 77.85 (65.67–92.39) | < 0.001* |
Note: *P < 0.05. Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies (%), and quantitative variables are expressed as medians (IQR). (height: body height at month 0; waist: waist circumstances at month 0; smoking: smoking habit; drinking: drinking habit; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; weight: body weight; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-beta; RBC: red blood cell; WBC: white blood cell; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; UA: uric acid; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate)