Table 4.
Bacterial species of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from highly contaminated water samples of mobile handwashing stations (mHWS)
| Bacterial species | Numbers of mHWS with water samples affected |
|---|---|
| Enterobacterales (n = 109) | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae* + K. oxytoca* | 36 + 3 |
| Enterobacter cloacae* + E. cloacae complex | 5 + 20 |
| Citrobacter freundii + C. freundii complex | 11 + 2 |
| Aeromonas hydrophila* | 11 |
| Enterobacter bugandensis | 4 |
| Enterobacter sp. | 1 |
| Serratia marcescens* | 4 |
| Morganella morganii | 3 |
| Phytobacter ursingii | 1 |
| Providencia alcalifaciens + P. rettgeri | 1 + 1 |
| Escherichia coli | 1 |
| Pantoea dispersa | 1 |
| Citrobacter koseri | 1 |
| Salmonella salamae | 1 |
| Kluyvera ascorbata | 1 |
| No species Identification | 1 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 37) | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa* | 37 |
| Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 72) | |
| Pseudomonas alcaligenes | 9 |
| Pseudomonas mendocina | 1 |
| Pseudomonas otitidis | 1 |
| Pseudomonas sp. | 7 |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri | 6 |
| Pseudomonas putida* | 1 |
| Pseudomonas putida group | 2 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia* | 12 |
| Comamonas aquatica | 7 |
| Comamonas testosteronii | 1 |
| Comamonas sp. | 3 |
| Chromobacterium violaceum | 2 |
| Alcaligenes faecalis* | 2 |
| Burkholderia cepacia complex* | 3 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii* | 4 |
| Acinetobacter bereziniae | 1 |
| Acinetobacter johnsonii | 1 |
| Acinetobacter junii | 1 |
| Acinetobacter nosocomialis | 2 |
| Acinetobacter seifertii | 1 |
| Brevundimonas vesicularis | 1 |
| Shewanella xiamenensis | 2 |
| No species Identification | 2 |
| Total | 218 |
The total number of isolates (n = 218) exceeds the number of highly contaminated mHWS (n = 83) as some samples contained more than one species. Bacterial species indicated with “*” are listed as Opportunistic Pathogens of Premise Plumbing (n = 118) (reference 34)