Table 6.
Antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterobacterales/Aeromonas spp. isolates from water and soap samples of mobile handwashing stations (mHWS) with growth of Gram-negative bacteria
| Antibiotics |
Enterobacter spp.a (n = 68) |
Klebsiella spp.b (n = 77) |
Citrobacter freundii groupc (n = 22) |
Pluralibacter gergoviae (n = 14) |
Serratia spp.d (n = 13) |
Morganella/Providencia groupe (n = 12) |
Aeromonas spp. (n = 11) |
Citrobacter spp. other than C. freundii (n = 4) |
Phytobacter ursingii (n = 4) |
Pantoea dispersa (n = 2) |
Escherichia coli (n = 3) |
Proteus mirabilis (n = 1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin | 68 | 77 | 22 | – | 13 | 12 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid | 68 | 24 | 22 | – | 13 | 12 | 7 | – | 2 | 2 | – | – |
| Ceftriaxone | 37 | 42 | 9 | – | 1 | 5 | 3 | – | 3 | – | 2 | 1 |
| Piperacillin + tazobactam | 3 | 7 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Gentamicin | 19 | 18 | 4 | – | 1 | 3 | – | – | 2 | – | 1 | – |
| Amikacin | 3 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| TMP/SMX | 40 | 42 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 6 | – | 3 | – | 3 | 1 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 33 | 37 | 7 | – | – | 7 | 5 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| 3GC-resistant | 26 | 38 | 8 | – | 1 | 4 | 3 | – | 2 | – | 2 | 1 |
| Meropenem | 4 | 5 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
| MDR | 25 | 32 | 5 | – | 1 | 4 | 1 | – | 2 | – | 2 | 1 |
| WHO priority pathogens | 26 | 38 | 8 | – | 1 | 4 | 3 | – | 2 | – | 2 | 1 |
Data were available for 234/249 isolates from 133 mHWS; 10 isolates were not identifiable and another 5 did not grow upon retrieval. Not listed are Salmonella salamae (n = 1, pan-susceptible), Kluyvera ascorbata (n = 1, pan-susceptible) and Leclercia adecarboxylata (n = 1, ampicillin resistant only). Data in the cells represent the numbers of isolates which were intermediate susceptible or resistant to the corresponding antibiotics. Bacterial species were grouped according to EUCAST expected antimicrobial resistance phenotypes (EUCAST2023). Abbreviations: TMP/SMX = trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, 3GC-resistant = third generation cephalosporin-resistant, MDR = multidrug resistant. Enterobacterales that display 3GC or carbapenem resistance (n = 85) are listed as “critical priority group” among the WHO List of Priority Pathogens, i.e., bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development, and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance (reference 33)
aEnterobacter spp. includes Enterobacter cloacae (n = 12), E. cloacae complex (n = 48), E. aerogenes (n = 1), E. bugandensis (n = 7)
bKlebsiella spp. includes Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 73), and K. oxytoca (n = 4)
cCitrobacter freundii group includes Citrobacter freundii (n = 20) and C. freundii complex (n = 2)
dSerratia spp. includes Serratia marcescens (n = 11), and S. rubidaea (n = 2)
eMorganella/Providencia group includes Morganella morganii (n = 8), Providencia alcalifaciens (n = 2), and P. rettgeri (n = 2)