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MDSCs promote tumor progression and metastasis via formation of TME. A MDSCs directly enhance tumor proliferation. B MDSCs promote tumor migration and invasion by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) of tumor cells. C MDSCs promote the extravasation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). D MDSCs induce angiogenesis in order for CTCs to colonize the pre-metastasis niche (PMN) efficiently
