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[Preprint]. 2024 Dec 13:rs.3.rs-5494402. [Version 1] doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5494402/v1

Figure 2. Mitochondrial uncoupler synergizes with RA to activate mitochondrial respiration and shift metabolism from anabolism to catabolism.

Figure 2

(A) Top panel: Schematic of the oxidative phosphorylation illustrating how uncouplers reduce proton gradients, thereby stimulating mitochondrial respiration. Bottom panel: Basal oxygen consumption rates (OCR) were measured using the Seahorse analyzer in SK-N-BE(2) and CHP134 cells following a 72-hour treatment with 1 μM RA, 1 μM NEN, RA+NEN, or vehicle. (B) ATP/ADP and NAD+/NADH ratios in SK-N-BE(2) and CHP134 cells treated with RA, NEN, or a combination, measured by LC-MS. (C) Left: Mitochondrial respiration measured via Seahorse assays shows basal, spare, and maximal respiration in SK-N-BE(2) and CHP134 cells pre-treated with CTRL, RA, NEN, or RA+NEN. Right: Energy maps display the shifts in mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic activity under different treatment conditions. (D) U-13C6-glucose and (E) U-13C5-glutamine tracing, measured by LC-MS, illustrate the labeling fraction changes of the pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle metabolites upon CTRL, RA, NEN, or RA+NEN treatment conditions.