Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of analytic sample

	No GDM (n = 177,176, 89.83%)		GDM (n = 20,060, 10.17%)
	n	Freq. (%)	n	Freq. (%)	p-value
Maternal race					< 0.001
Asian and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander	11,942	81.95	2631	18.05
Black	33,856	91.13	3296	8.87
Mixed	10,831	89	1338	11
Native	7577	87.03	1129	12.97
Other	9011	88.15	1211	11.85
White	103,959	90.86	10,455	9.14
Hispanic ethnicity					< 0.001
Hispanic	27,087	88.07	3670	11.93
Non-Hispanic	150,089	90.15	16,390	9.85
Maternal age					< 0.001
< 25	41,109	94.52	2384	5.48
> = 25	136,067	88.5	17,676	11.5
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI					< 0.001
Underweight (< 18.5)	5770	95.2	291	4.8
Normal weight (18.5 to < 25.0)	76,816	93.71	5160	6.29
Overweight (25.0 to < 30)	46,552	89.91	5222	10.09
Obese (> 30.0)	48,038	83.65	9387	16.35
Martial status					< 0.001
Married	106,474	89.14	12,977	10.86
Not married	70,702	90.89	7083	9.11
Insurance status					< 0.001
Public	59,078	90.24	6393	9.76
Private	97,798	89.82	11,086	10.18
Uninsured	20,300	88.72	2581	11.28
Residence					0.004
Rural	36,806	90.21	3993	9.79
Urban	140,370	89.73	16,067	10.27
Interpersonal violence					0.073
Exposure to violence	7023	90.43	743	9.57
No exposure to violence	170,153	89.8	19,317	10.2
Prenatal depression					< 0.001
Prenatal depression	24,718	88.88	3094	11.12
No prenatal depression	152,458	89.99	16,966	10.01
Prenatal smoking status					0.837
Smoking	33,739	89.8	3832	10.2
No smoking	143,437	89.84	16,228	10.16
Maternal education					< 0.001
High school or less	62,552	89.97	6975	10.03
Some college	50,162	89.3	6012	10.7
College or greater	64,462	90.11	7073	9.89
WIC utilization					0.001
WIC	62,691	89.53	7335	10.47
No WIC	114,485	90	12,725	10