Table 3.
Descriptive statistics by Asian and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander Ethnicity
| Chinese (n = 2512, 17.24%) | Filipino (n = 1810, 12.42%) | Japanese (n = 537, 3.68%) | Native Hawaiian (n = 112, 0.77%) | Other Asian (n = 9602, 65.89%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Freq. (%) | n | Freq. (%) | n | Freq. (%) | n | Freq. (%) | n | Freq. (%) | p-value | |
| GDM status | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Gestational diabetes | 432 | 17.2 | 354 | 19.56 | 58 | 10.8 | 12 | 10.71 | 1775 | 18.49 | |
| No gestational diabetes | 2080 | 82.8 | 1456 | 80.44 | 479 | 89.2 | 100 | 89.29 | 7827 | 81.51 | |
| Maternal age | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| < 25 | 76 | 3.03 | 158 | 8.73 | 4 | 0.74 | 22 | 19.64 | 870 | 9.06 | |
| > = 25 | 2436 | 96.97 | 1652 | 91.27 | 533 | 99.26 | 90 | 80.36 | 8732 | 90.94 | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 267 | 10.63 | 69 | 3.81 | 53 | 9.87 | 5 | 4.46 | 468 | 4.87 | |
| Normal weight (18.5 to < 25.0) | 1873 | 74.56 | 955 | 52.76 | 365 | 67.97 | 29 | 25.89 | 5241 | 54.58 | |
| Overweight (25.0 to < 30) | 285 | 11.35 | 490 | 27.07 | 82 | 15.27 | 24 | 21.43 | 2536 | 26.41 | |
| Obese (> 30.0) | 87 | 3.46 | 296 | 16.35 | 37 | 6.89 | 54 | 48.21 | 1357 | 14.13 | |
| Martial status | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Married | 2283 | 90.88 | 1475 | 81.49 | 484 | 90.13 | 65 | 58.04 | 8306 | 86.5 | |
| Not married | 229 | 9.12 | 335 | 18.51 | 53 | 9.87 | 47 | 41.96 | 1296 | 13.5 | |
| Insurance status | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Public | 403 | 16.04 | 377 | 20.83 | 61 | 11.36 | 54 | 48.21 | 1786 | 18.6 | |
| Private | 1981 | 78.86 | 1324 | 73.15 | 453 | 84.36 | 47 | 41.96 | 7117 | 74.12 | |
| Uninsured | 128 | 5.1 | 109 | 6.02 | 23 | 4.28 | 11 | 9.82 | 699 | 7.28 | |
| Residence | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Rural | 92 | 3.66 | 325 | 17.96 | 76 | 14.15 | 33 | 29.46 | 464 | 4.83 | |
| Urban | 2420 | 96.34 | 1485 | 82.04 | 461 | 85.85 | 79 | 70.54 | 9138 | 95.17 | |
| Interpersonal violence | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Exposure to violence | 20 | 0.8 | 31 | 1.71 | 3 | 0.56 | 10 | 8.93 | 115 | 1.2 | |
| No exposure to violence | 2492 | 99.2 | 1779 | 98.29 | 534 | 999.44 | 102 | 91.07 | 9487 | 98.8 | |
| Prenatal depression | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Prenatal depression | 57 | 2.27 | 93 | 5.14 | 18 | 3.35 | 16 | 14.29 | 302 | 3.15 | |
| No prenatal depression | 2455 | 97.73 | 1717 | 94.86 | 519 | 96.65 | 96 | 85.71 | 9300 | 96.85 | |
| Prenatal smoking status | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Smoking | 60 | 2.39 | 134 | 7.4 | 24 | 4.47 | 28 | 25 | 467 | 4.86 | |
| No smoking | 2452 | 97.61 | 1676 | 92.6 | 513 | 95.53 | 84 | 75 | 9135 | 95.14 | |
| Maternal education | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| High school or less | 298 | 11.86 | 290 | 16.02 | 33 | 6.15 | 56 | 50 | 1934 | 20.14 | |
| Some college | 301 | 11.98 | 496 | 27.4 | 118 | 21.97 | 35 | 31.25 | 1390 | 14.48 | |
| College or greater | 1913 | 76.15 | 1024 | 56.57 | 386 | 71.88 | 21 | 18.75 | 6278 | 65.38 | |
| WIC utilization | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| WIC | 490 | 19.51 | 378 | 20.88 | 47 | 8.75 | 49 | 43.75 | 2073 | 21.59 | |
| No WIC | 2022 | 80.49 | 1432 | 79.12 | 490 | 91.25 | 63 | 56.25 | 7529 | 78.41 | |