Table 1.

Glossary of gene‐environment interactions (GxE) ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) terms used throughout the article.

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA)	Amendment to the Public Health Services Act, which revised the federal program for certification and oversight of clinical laboratory testing. CLIA regulations establish quality standards for laboratory testing performed on specimens from humans for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease, or assessment of health. CLIA regulations generally apply to patient‐specific results and usage in clinical care.	https://www.cdc.gov/clia/law-regulations.html Laurino et al. (2017). Bookman et al. (2006).
Community‐ engaged research	Continuum of approaches to involve the community in the research process, ranging from community consultation to community driven research. Community‐based participatory research (CBPR) is one very important example, involving authentic, collaborative partnerships between researchers and community‐based organizations, based on principles of equity, co‐learning, mutual benefit, and long‐term commitment.This approach incorporates community theories, participation, and practices into the research efforts so that community members are involved in all aspects of the research and help drive the research questions being asked.	Haboush‐Deloye et al. (2023). Key et al. (2019). Wallerstein and Duran (2006).
De‐identification	The process of reducing data content to decrease the likelihood of discovering a person's identity.	El Emam, Rodgers, and Malin (2015).
Environmental health literacy	The knowledge and skills that prepare people to make health‐protective decisions using available environmental data.	Finn and O'Fallon (2017). Gray and Martin (2019)
Environmental justice	Just treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of income, race, color, national origin, Tribal affiliation, disability, sexual orientation, sex, or gender identity, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.	EPA: https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice DCPD‐202300319—Executive Order 14096‐Revitalizing Our Nation's Commitment to Environmental Justice for All: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/DCPD-202300319
Gene‐environment interaction (GxE)	Broadly refers to the varying effect of environmental exposure(s) on risk of complex disorders given an individual's genetic/epigenetic background, or conversely, the varying impact of a genetic/epigenetic variant on risk of complex disorders given an individual's environmental exposure(s).	NHGRI: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Gene-Environment-Interaction NIEHS: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/events/pastmtg/2022/elsi/index.cfm
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)	Federal legislation in the United States that protects individuals against discrimination based on their personal genetic information, as it applies to health insurance and employment.	NHGRI: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genetic-Information-Nondiscrimination-Act
Geospatial measures (geomarkers)	Measures used to specify a particular geographic position on Earth and often used to estimate past and current exposures linked to different health outcomes.	Rasnick et al. (2023).
Health disparities	Health differences that are closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage (i.e., disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards). Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group; religion; socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic location; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion.	Healthy People 2030: https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/health-equity-healthy-people-2030
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)	A federal law that required the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge.	CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/hipaa.html
HIPAA Safe Harbor	One of two methods to achieve de‐identification in accordance with the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Involves removal of 18 types of identifiers (e.g., names, social security number, medical record numbers) and requires that the covered entity does not have knowledge that the remaining information could be used, alone or in combination with other information, to identify the individual.	https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html
Protected Health Information (PHI)	Individually identifiable health information, including demographic information, which relates to past/present or future physical or mental health condition, provision of healthcare, or payment for the provision of healthcare.	HIPAA: https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html#standard
Report back	Return of research results to an individual research participant and/or a larger community. Both types of reporting back will often provide a comparison to help research participants contextualize their personal exposure or the community‐level risk.	Lebow‐Skelley et al. (2020).
Social determinants of health (SDOH)	The conditions in which people are born, grow, learn, work, play, live, and age, as well as the wider set of structural factors shaping the conditions of daily life. Structural factors include social, economic, and legal forces, policies, and systems (e.g., discriminatory systems like racism and sexism) that determine opportunities and access to such factors as high‐quality jobs, education, housing, and health care.	NIH‐wide Social Determinants of Health Research Coordinating Committee: https://www.ninr.nih.gov/researchandfunding/nih-sdohrcc#tabs2
Team science	Research conducted in an interdependent fashion by more than one individual. Teams may be of one discipline, multidisciplinary, or interdisciplinary.	chrome‐extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://nap.nationalacademies.org/resource/19007/dbasse_165410.pdf (https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/the-science-of-team-science)