Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 445) | Intervention group (n = 223) | Control group (n = 222) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 63.2 (13.3) | 62.0 (13.30) | 64.3 (13.1) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 263 (59.1) | 129 (57.8) | 134 (60.4) |
| Female | 182 (40.9) | 94 (42.2) | 88 (39.6) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 23.5 (6.6) | 23.6 (6.9) | 23.4 (6.3) |
| SBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 128.3 (23.9) | 126.8 (24.4) | 129.8 (23.3) |
| DBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 81.5 (33.6) | 83.0 (44.9) | 80.0 (15.8) |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), bpm | 81.8 (19.8) | 82.3 (21.5) | 81.3 (18.0) |
| Smoking status | |||
| No smoking | 323 (72.6) | 159 (71.3) | 164 (73.9) |
| Current smoking | 63 (14.2) | 34 (15.2) | 29 (13.1) |
| Quit smoking | 57 (12.8) | 28 (12.6) | 29 (13.1) |
| Drinking status | |||
| No drinking | 349 (78.4) | 174 (78) | 175 (78.8) |
| Current drinking | 40 (9) | 21 (9.4) | 19 (8.6) |
| Quit drinking | 53 (11.9) | 26 (11.7) | 27 (12.2) |
| NYHA classa | |||
| I | 7 (1.6) | 4 (1.8) | 3 (1.4) |
| II | 32 (7.2) | 16 (7.2) | 16 (7.2) |
| III | 124 (27.9) | 67 (30.0) | 57 (25.7) |
| IV | 209 (47.0) | 99 (44.4) | 110 (49.5) |
| LVEF, % | |||
| <40 | 183 (41.1) | 91 (40.8) | 92 (41.4) |
| 40-49 | 114 (25.6) | 58 (26.0) | 56 (25.2) |
| ≥50 | 148 (33.3) | 74 (33.2) | 74 (33.3) |
| Medical history | |||
| Valvular disease | 42 (9.4) | 22 (9.9) | 20 (9.0) |
| Hypertension | 246 (55.3) | 124 (55.6) | 122 (55.0) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 22 (4.9) | 10 (4.5) | 12 (5.4) |
| CAD | 202 (45.4) | 97 (43.5) | 105 (47.3) |
| Diabetes | 97 (21.8) | 53 (23.8) | 44 (19.8) |
| Cardiomyopathy | 61 (13.7) | 32 (14.3) | 29 (13.1) |
| AMI | 17 (3.8) | 7 (3.1) | 10 (4.5) |
| Arrhythmia cordis | 97 (21.8) | 44 (19.7) | 53 (23.9) |
| TIA | 42 (9.4) | 20 (9.0) | 22 (9.9) |
| Medication | |||
| ACEI or ARB | 114 (25.6) | 62 (27.8) | 52 (23.4) |
| Diuretics | 367 (82.5) | 180 (80.7) | 187 (84.2) |
| β-blockers | 368 (82.7) | 184 (82.5) | 184 (82.9) |
| MRA | 374 (84.0) | 190 (85.2) | 184 (82.9) |
| ARNI | 245 (55.1) | 127 (57.0) | 118 (53.2) |
| SGLT-2i | 109 (24.5) | 53 (23.8) | 56 (25.2) |
| Lipid-modifying agent | 296 (66.5) | 150 (67.3) | 146 (65.8) |
| Cardiac glycoside | 175 (39.3) | 89 (39.9) | 86 (38.7) |
| Antidepressant | 66 (14.8) | 32 (14.3) | 34 (15.3) |
| Antithrombotic agent | 378 (84.9) | 190 (85.2) | 188 (84.7) |
| Oral antidiabetic or insulin | 167 (37.5) | 89 (39.9) | 78 (35.1) |
| Other medications | 394 (88.5) | 204 (91.5) | 190 (85.6) |
| Laboratory measurements | |||
| ALT, median (IQR), U/L | 22.0 (14.0-36.4) | 21.0 (13.9-40.8) | 22.0 (14.0-33.2) |
| AST, median (IQR), U/L | 24.0 (17.2-33.8) | 24.0 (17.0-34.0) | 24.0 (17.6-33.3) |
| Serum creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) |
| BUN, median (IQR), mg/dL | 18.2 (14.6-24.4) | 18.2 (14.3-23.0) | 18.2 (14.6-25.2) |
| LDL cholesterol, median (IQR), mg/dL | 96.5 (73.4-119.7) | 96.5 (77.2-119.7) | 92.7 (73.4-119.7) |
| LVEDD, median (IQR), mm | 54.0 (49.0-63.0) | 54.0 (49.0-63.0) | 54.0 (49.0-63.0) |
| LVESD, median (IQR), mm | 39.0 (32.0-53.0) | 40.0 (32.0-55.0) | 38.5 (32.0-51.0) |
| LVEF, median (IQR), % | 44.0 (33.3-54.8) | 44.0 (33.8-52.3) | 44.0 (33.0-55.0) |
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 2563.5 (954.8-6558.1) | 2516.5 (1068.2-6676.8) | 2668.2 (714.5-6141.0) |
| BNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 379.7 (118.8-891.0) | 416.0 (124.0-951.6) | 374.4 (98.5-851.0) |
| Morisky scores, median (IQR) | 5.5 (4.0-7.8) | 5.5 (4.0-7.8) | 5.5 (4.0-8.0) |
| MLHFQ scores, median (IQR) | 43.0 (36.0-54.8) | 42.0 (36.0-53.0) | 44.0 (36.8-55.0) |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibition; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; bpm, beats per minute; BUN, serum urea nitrogen; CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (score range: 0-105, with the highest score indicating lowest quality of life); MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association (class I or II [indicating mild limitations in physical activity] vs III or IV [indicating severe limitations in physical activity]); NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose cotransport protein 2 inhibitors; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
SI conversion factors: To convert ALT and AST to microkatal per liter, multiply by 0.0167; BNP to nanogram per liter, multiply by 1.0; BUN to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.357; LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; serum creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4.
Values may not sum due to missing data. Baseline data were extracted from the medical records; however, this classification field is not required to be completed by physicians in China.