Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Childhood Exposure to Interparental Violence.
| Characteristica | Overall (N = 10 424) | Frequency of interparental physical violenceb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never (n = 8244) | Rarely (n = 1308) | Sometimes (n = 685) | Often (n = 187) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 58.1 (9.0) | 58.1 (9.0) | 57.8 (9.1) | 57.9 (8.8) | 58.0 (8.7) |
| Male, No. (%) | 5092 (48.8) | 3937 (47.8) | 760 (58.1) | 330 (48.2) | 65 (34.8) |
| Female, No. (%) | 5332 (51.2) | 4307 (52.2) | 548 (41.9) | 355 (51.8) | 122 (65.2) |
| Rural residence, No. (%) | 8540 (82.0) | 6694 (81.3) | 1104 (84.6) | 587 (85.7) | 155 (82.9) |
| Married, No. (%) | 9378 (90.0) | 7408 (89.9) | 1185 (90.6) | 615 (89.8) | 170 (90.9) |
| Educational level, No. (%) | |||||
| Primary school or below | 6866 (65.9) | 5408 (65.7) | 859 (65.7) | 460 (67.2) | 139 (74.3) |
| Middle school or above | 3550 (34.1) | 2829 (34.3) | 448 (34.3) | 225 (32.8) | 48 (25.7) |
| Current smoking, No. (%) | 3132 (30.0) | 2430 (29.5) | 445 (34.0) | 227 (33.1) | 30 (16.0) |
| Current drinking, No. (%) | 3677 (35.3) | 2822 (34.3) | 546 (41.8) | 257 (37.6) | 52 (27.8) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 23.4 (3.8) | 23.5 (3.9) | 23.1 (3.4) | 23.3 (3.6) | 23.5 (3.7) |
| Obesity, No. (%)c | 888 (8.5) | 737 (8.9) | 84 (6.1) | 51 (7.4) | 16 (8.6) |
| Comorbidity, No. (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 2077 (19.9) | 1680 (20.4) | 219 (16.7) | 143 (20.9) | 35 (18.7) |
| Diabetes | 470 (4.5) | 370 (4.5) | 49 (3.7) | 37 (5.4) | 14 (7.5) |
| Dyslipidemia | 718 (6.9) | 574 (7.0) | 72 (5.5) | 61 (8.9) | 11 (5.9) |
| Medication use, No. (%) | |||||
| Antihypertensive | 1461 (14.0) | 1207 (14.6) | 138 (10.6) | 93 (13.6) | 23 (12.3) |
| Antidiabetic | 300 (2.9) | 240 (2.9) | 34 (2.6) | 18 (2.6) | 8 (4.3) |
| Lipid lowering | 336 (3.2) | 265 (3.2) | 38 (2.9) | 28 (4.1) | 5 (2.7) |
| Depressive symptoms, No. (%)d | 2371 (22.7) | 1766 (23.8) | 346 (26.5) | 204 (29.8) | 55 (29.4) |
| Childhood physical abuse by parents, No. (%) | 2985 (29.1) | 1992 (21.4) | 470 (36.3) | 410 (60.5) | 113 (60.4) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated using self-reported weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
a
Covariate missingness: residence (n = 9), educational level (n = 8), current smoking (n = 305), current drinking (n = 9), BMI (n = 1887), and depressive symptoms (n = 1089).
b
Childhood exposure to interparental violence was defined as witnessing interparental violence before participants were 17 years of age.
c
Obesity was defined as a BMI of 28.0 or more for the Chinese population.
d
Depressive symptoms were defined as a 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 12 or more.