. 2024 Dec 20;7(12):e2451806. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.51806

Table 2. Association Between Childhood Exposure to Interparental Physical Violence and Incident CVD, 2011-2020.

Outcome	No. (incidence rate per 1000 person-years)	Model 1^a		Model 2^b
Outcome	No. (incidence rate per 1000 person-years)	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
CVD
No interparental violence	2157 (29.0)	1 [Reference]	NA	NA	NA
Interparental violence^c	258 (38.9)	1.35 (1.19-1.54)	<.001	1.36 (1.20-1.55)	<.001
Heart disease^d
No interparental violence	1650 (21.8)	1 [Reference]	NA	NA	NA
Interparental violence	198 (29.4)	1.34 (1.16-1.56)	<.001	1.36 (1.17-1.57)	<.001
Stroke
No interparental violence	737 (9.4)	1 [Reference]	NA	NA	NA
Interparental violence	85 (11.9)	1.28 (1.02-1.60)	.03	1.28 (1.03-1.61)	.03

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable.

^{^a}

Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.

^{^b}

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, residence, educational level, smoking status, and current drinking status.

^{^c}

Childhood exposure to interparental violence was defined as witnessing interparental violence sometimes or often when participants were younger than 17 years.

^{^d}

Heart disease was defined as myocardial infarction, angina, coronary heart disease, heart failure, or other heart problems.