. 2024 Dec 20;7(12):e2451806. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.51806

Table 3. Association Between the Frequency of Witnessing Interparental Physical Violence and Incident CVD, 2011-2020.

Frequency of witnessing interparental physical violence	No. (incidence rate per 1000 person-years)	Model 1^a		Model 2^b
Frequency of witnessing interparental physical violence	No. (incidence rate per 1000 person-years)	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
Total CVD
None	1853 (28.8)	1 [Reference]	NA	NA	NA
Rarely	304 (29.9)	1.07 (0.95-1.21)	.26	1.09 (0.96-1.23)	.19
Sometimes	194 (37.0)	1.31 (1.13-1.51)	<.001	1.32 (1.14-1.53)	<.001
Often	64 (46.0)	1.58 (1.23-2.03)	<.001	1.59 (1.24-2.04)	<.001
P value for trend^c	NA	NA	<.001	NA	<.001
Heart disease^d
None	1420 (21.8)	1 [Reference]	NA	NA	NA
Rarely	230 (22.2)	1.07 (0.93-1.23)	.38	1.08 (0.94-1.24)	.28
Sometimes	147 (27.6)	1.28 (1.08-1.52)	.004	1.30 (1.10-1.54)	.002
Often	51 (36.3)	1.63 (1.23-2.15)	.001	1.63 (1.23-2.16)	.001
P value for trend	NA	NA	<.001	NA	<.001
Stroke
None	631 (9.3)	1 [Reference]	NA	NA	NA
Rarely	106 (9.9)	1.07 (0.87-1.32)	.51	1.08 (0.88-1.33)	.48
Sometimes	64 (11.3)	1.23 (0.95-1.59)	.12	1.24 (0.96-1.60)	.10
Often	21 (13.8)	1.53 (0.99-2.36)	.06	1.52 (0.98-2.35)	.06
P value for trend	NA	NA	.02	NA	.02

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable.

^{^a}

Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.

^{^b}

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, residence, educational level, smoking status, and current drinking status.

^{^c}

P value for trend was calculated using the frequency of witnessing interparental violence as a continuous variable.

^{^d}

Heart disease included myocardial infarction, angina, coronary heart disease, heart failure, or other heart problems.