Table 1.
Comparative Analysis of Clinical-Radiological Features Between Training and Validation Datasets.
| Variables | Total (n = 1383) | Training dataset (n = 922) | Validation dataset (n = 461) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Label, n (%) | .131 | |||
| Non-IMA | 1273 (92) | 841 (91.2) | 432 (93.7) | |
| IMA | 110 (8) | 81 (8.8) | 29 (6.3) | |
| Sex, n (%) | .310 | |||
| Female | 894 (64.6) | 587 (63.7) | 307 (66.6) | |
| Male | 489 (35.4) | 335 (36.3) | 154 (33.4) | |
| Age, Median (Q1, Q3) | 57 (51, 66) | 57 (51, 66) | 58 (51, 66) | .349 |
| Laterality, n (%) | .385 | |||
| Left | 570 (41.2) | 388 (42.1) | 182 (39.5) | |
| Right | 813 (58.8) | 534 (57.9) | 279 (60.5) | |
| Primary site, n (%) | .236 | |||
| Lower lobe | 472 (34.1) | 303 (32.9) | 169 (36.7) | |
| Middle lobe | 105 (7.6) | 67 (7.3) | 38 (8.2) | |
| Upper lobe | 806 (58.3) | 552 (59.9) | 254 (55.1) | |
| Clinical T stage, n (%) | .945 | |||
| cT1a | 94 (6.8) | 64 (6.9) | 30 (6.5) | |
| cT1b | 723 (52.3) | 480 (52.1) | 243 (52.7) | |
| cT1c | 566 (40.9) | 378 (41) | 188 (40.8) | |
| CT density, n (%) | .487 | |||
| GGN | 580 (41.9) | 390 (42.3) | 190 (41.2) | |
| SN | 449 (32.5) | 305 (33.1) | 144 (31.2) | |
| SSN | 354 (25.6) | 227 (24.6) | 127 (27.5) | |
| Margin, n (%) | .801 | |||
| Ill-defined | 305 (22.1) | 201 (21.8) | 104 (22.6) | |
| Well-defined | 1078 (77.9) | 721 (78.2) | 357 (77.4) | |
| Shape, n (%) | .245 | |||
| Irregular | 637 (46.1) | 414 (44.9) | 223 (48.4) | |
| Round/oval | 746 (53.9) | 508 (55.1) | 238 (51.6) | |
| Lobulation, n (%) | .629 | |||
| Absence | 566 (40.9) | 382 (41.4) | 184 (39.9) | |
| Presence | 817 (59.1) | 540 (58.6) | 277 (60.1) | |
| Spiculation, n (%) | .371 | |||
| Absence | 685 (49.5) | 465 (50.4) | 220 (47.7) | |
| Presence | 698 (50.5) | 457 (49.6) | 241 (52.3) | |
| Vascular change, n (%) | .486 | |||
| Absence | 322 (23.3) | 209 (22.7) | 113 (24.5) | |
| Presence | 1061 (76.7) | 713 (77.3) | 348 (75.5) | |
| Bubble lucency, n (%) | .050 | |||
| Absence | 1114 (80.5) | 757 (82.1) | 357 (77.4) | |
| Presence | 269 (19.5) | 165 (17.9) | 104 (22.6) | |
| Pleural indentation, n (%) | .067 | |||
| Absence | 574 (41.5) | 399 (43.3) | 175 (38) | |
| Presence | 809 (58.5) | 523 (56.7) | 286 (62) |
Abbreviation: GGN, ground-glass nodule; SN, solid nodule; SSN, subsolid nodule; IMA, invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma.