Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics of the included studies
| Study, first author date | Country (area) | Groups | Age (y)* | Sex (F/M) | N | Type of stroke | Dx duration (month) | Brunnstrom stage | Exercise intervention | Measured time point (week) | Primary outcome results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Frequency × duration | |||||||||||
| Ahn | Korea | EG: VT | 58.7 ± 7.1 | 18/12 | 30 | IS, HS | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 2.53 ± 0.52 | WBV | 5 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | MFT |
| 2019 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 60.7 ± 5.9 | 17/16 | 30 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.40 ± 0.51 | (20 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | |||
| Alp | Turkey | EG: VT + SR | 61.2 ± 11.0 | 0/10 | 10 | IS, HS | 18 (12–48) | ≥ 3 | WBV | 3 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FIM |
| 2018 | (Asia) | CG: PLA + SR | 62.9 ± 8.2 | 2/9 | 11 | 24 (6–60) | (12 sessions) | Mid-test: 1 | ||||
| Posttest: 4, 12, 24 | ||||||||||||
| Annino | Italy | EG: VT + SR | 67.8 ± 8.3 | 5/14 | 19 | IS, HS | 33.6 ± 3.7 | NR | FMV | 3 d/wk × 8 wk | Baseline | BI, MT |
| 2019 | (Europe) | CG: SR | 69.4 ± 10.4 | 3/15 | 18 | 33.5 ± 3.7 | (24 sessions) | Posttest: 8 | ||||
| Calabrò | America | EG: VT + SR | 66.0 ± 5.0 | 5/5 | 10 | IS | 5 ± 2 | NR | FMV | 5 d/wk × 8 wk | Baseline | FMA |
| 2017 | CG: PLA + SR | 67.0 ± 4.0 | 6/4 | 10 | 6 ± 2 | (40 sessions) | Posttest: 8 | FIM | ||||
| Follow-up: 12 | ||||||||||||
| Caliandro | Italy | EG: VT + SR | 57.4 ± 12.8 | 8/20 | 28 | IS, HS | 100.7 ± 82.8 | NR | FMV | 3 d/wk × 1 wk | Baseline | WFM |
| 2012 | (Europe) | CG: PLA + SR | 61.9 ± 15.7 | 7/14 | 21 | 96.4 ± 66.8 | (3 sessions) | Posttest: 1 | ||||
| Follow-up: 5 | ||||||||||||
| Casale | Italy | EG: VT + SR | 64.7 ± 5.4 | 6/9 | 15 | IS, HS | Chronic | NR | FMV | 5 d/wk × 2 wk | Baseline | MFT |
| 2014 | (Europe) | CG: PLA + SR | 65.1 ± 5.8 | 6/9 | 15 | (≥ 6) | (10 sessions) | Posttest: 2 | ||||
| Follow-up: 4 | ||||||||||||
| Celletti | Italy | EG 1: VT + SMS | 43 (31–68) | 2/4 | 6 | IS, HS | 72 (24–396) | NR | FMV | 3 d/wk × 1 wk | Baseline | WFM |
| 2017 | (Europe) | EG 2: VT + SR | 43 (30–57) | 2/4 | 6 | 30 (30–48) | (3 sessions) | Posttest: 1 | MFT | |||
| CG: SR | 62.5 (46–69) | 2/4 | 6 | 66 (46–84) | ||||||||
| Cordo | USA | EG: VT + SMS | 56.3 ± 12.7 | 15/29 | 44 | IS, HS | 11.8 ± 5.7 | NR | FMV | 2–3 d/wk × 6–10 wk | Baseline | FMA |
| 2022 | (America) | CG: PLA + SMS | 57.7 ± 12.9 | 16/23 | 39 | 11.3 ± 5.0 | (18 sessions) | Posttest: 10 | MFT | |||
| Da-Silva | UK | EG: VT | 73 (65–80) | 8/6 | 14 | IS | 0.9 (0.4–1.6) | NR | FMV | 7 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | MFT, BI |
| 2019 | (Europe) | CG: PLA | 69 (61–80) | 12/7 | 19 | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | (28 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | ||||
| Follow-up: 8 | ||||||||||||
| Feng | China | EG: VT + VR | 60.2 ± 2.9 | 20/31 | 51 | IS, HS | Acute | NR | FMV | 5 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2019 | (Asia) | CG: VR | 59.8 ± 4.3 | 19/32 | 51 | (20 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | |||||
| Hsu | Taiwan | EG: VT + SMS | 53.6 ± 12.4 | NR | 10 | IS, HS | 28.9 ± 23.5 | NR | FMV | 2 d/wk × 6 wk | Baseline | FMA |
| 2021 | (Asia) | CG: SMS | 61.7 ± 8.4 | 9 | 24.9 ± 15.3 | (12 sessions) | Posttest: 6 | MFT | ||||
| Follow up: 18 | ||||||||||||
| Study, first author date | Country (area) | Groups | Age (y)* | Sex (F/M) | N | Type of stroke | Dx duration (month) | Brunnstrom stage | Exercise intervention | Measured time point (week) | Primary outcome results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Frequency × duration | |||||||||||
| Lee | Korea | EG 1: VT + SR | 58.5 ± 11.8 | 5/10 | 15 | IS, HS | 8.1 ± 4.9 | NR | WBV | 3 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, WFM |
| 2016 | (Asia) | EG 2: VT | 59.2 ± 7.7 | 10/5 | 15 | 7.9 ± 4.2 | (12 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | ||||
| CG: SR | 60.2 ± 6.7 | 6/9 | 15 | 6.7 ± 3.9 | ||||||||
| Li | China | EG: VT + SR | 55.0 ± 10.9 | 2/12 | 14 | IS, HS | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2-4 | WBV | 5 d/wk × 3 wk | Baseline | FMA |
| 2020 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 56.9 ± 9.9 | 4/10 | 14 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | (15 sessions) | Posttest: 3 | ||||
| Liu | China | EG: VT + SR | 57.8 ± 5.3 | 9/21 | 30 | IS, HS | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.86 ± 0.59 | FMV | 5 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2022 | (Asia) | CG: PLA + SR | 58.5 ± 4.2 | 10/20 | 30 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.94 ± 0.45 | (20 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | |||
| Lu | China | EG: VT + SR | 55.3 ± 6.6 | 12/18 | 30 | IS, HS | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 2-3 | WBV | 5 d/wk × 8 wk | Baseline | FMA |
| 2017 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 55.1 ± 6.3 | 13/17 | 30 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | (40 sessions) | Posttest: 8 | BI | |||
| Lu | China | EG: VT + SR | 54.7 ± 4.3 | 16/23 | 39 | IS, HS | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 3-5 | FMV | 5 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2021 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 54.5 ± 4.3 | 15/24 | 39 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | (20 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | FIM | |||
| Meng | China | EG: VT + SR | 54.7 ± 4.3 | 35/25 | 60 | IS, HS | 1.2 ± 0.2 | NR | FMV | 3 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2020 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 54.5 ± 4.3 | 29/31 | 60 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | (12 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | ||||
| Oliveira | Brazil | EG 1: VT | 60.1 (55–65) | 13/8 | 7 | NR | ≥ 12 | ≥ 4 | FMV | 3 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | WFM, MFT, |
| 2018 | (Europe) | CG 1: MrT | 7 | (12 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | Mobility Index | ||||||
| CG 2: SR | 7 | |||||||||||
| Seo | American | EG: VT + SR | 61.0 ± 10.0 | 1/5 | 6 | IS | 84 ± 84 | NR | FMV | 3 d/wk × 2 wk | Baseline | WFM |
| 2019 | CG: PLA + SR | 64.0 ± 8.0 | 4/2 | 6 | 36 ± 24 | (6 sessions) | Posttest: 2 | MFT | ||||
| Follow up: 6 | ||||||||||||
| Song | China | EG: VT + SR | 77.0 ± 10.5 | 16/24 | 40 | IS, HS | Subacute | 1-3 | FMV | 5 d/wk × 3 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2018 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 75.0 ± 9.8 | 13/27 | 40 | (15 sessions) | Posttest: 3 | |||||
| Tavernese | Italy | EG: VT + SR | 58.9 ± 14.7 | 3/21 | 24 | IS, HS | Chronic | 4.5 (3.0–5.3) | FMV | 5 d/wk × 2 wk | Baseline | MFT |
| 2013 | (Europe) | CG: SR | 58.3 ± 12.4 | 2/18 | 20 | (≥ 6) | 4.3 (3.0–5.0) | (10 sessions) | Posttest: 2 | |||
| Toscano | Italy | EG: VT + SR | 64.7 ± 17.2 | 2/10 | 10 | IS, HS | Acute | NR | FMV | 1 session/d × 3 d | Baseline | FMA, MFT |
| 2019 | (Europe) | CG: PLA + SR | 69.5 ± 7.3 | 6/6 | 12 | (≤3 days) | (3 sessions) | Posttest: 1 | ||||
| Wang | China | EG: VT + SR | 48.4 ± 6.9 | 3/14 | 17 | IS, HS | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | WBV | 6 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2018 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 49.2 ± 7.3 | 3/13 | 16 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | (24 sessions) | Mid-test: 2 | |||
| Study, first author year | Country (area) | Groups | Age (y)* | Sex (F/M) | N | Type of stroke | Dx duration (month) | Brunnstrom stage | Exercise intervention | Measured time point (week) | Primary outcome results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Frequency × duration | |||||||||||
| Wang | China | EG: VT + EMGB | 61.3 ± 8.0 | 21/39 | 60 | IS, HS | Subacute | NR | WBV | 5 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2021 | (Asia) | CG: EMGB | 58.7 ± 9.3 | 15/45 | 60 | (20 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | |||||
| Wei | China | EG 1: VT + SR | 59.2 ± 11.3 | 7/25 | 32 | IS, HS | Subacute | 1.6 ± 0.7 | FMV | 7 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA |
| 2019 | (Asia) | CG 1: PLA + SR | 60.4 ± 10.4 | 5/20 | 25 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | (28 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | FIM | |||
| CG 2: SR | 63.1 ± 10.3 | 4/23 | 27 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | Follow up: 8, 12 | |||||||
| Wu | China | EG: VT + SR | 58.1 ± 6.8 | 21/22 | 43 | IS, HS | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 2-4 | FMV | 5 d/wk × 8 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2016 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 58.4 ± 6.3 | 20/23 | 43 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | (40 sessions) | Posttest: 8 | ||||
| Wu | China | EG: VT + SR | 59.3 ± 5.7 | 16/14 | 30 | IS, HS | 1.6 ± 0.2 | NR | WBV | 5 d/wk × 6 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2022 | (Asia) | CG: SR | 58.7 ± 6.4 | 12/18 | 30 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | (30 sessions) | Posttest: 6 | ||||
| Yang | China | EG 1: VT + MIT | 63.2 ± 3.0 | 16/14 | 30 | IS, HS | 1.2 ± 0.1 | NR | WBV | 6 d/wk × 8 wk | Baseline | FMA, BI |
| 2022 | (Asia) | EG 2: VT | 62.4 ± 3.9 | 12/18 | 30 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | (48 sessions) | Posttest: 8 | ||||
| CG: MIT | 63.8 ± 2.7 | 16/14 | 30 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | ||||||||
| Yuan | China | EG: VT + SR | 58.7 ± 5.4 | 6/17 | 23 | IS, HS | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1-2 | FMV | 5 d/wk × 4 wk | Baseline | FMA, MFT |
| 2018 | (Asia) | CG: PLA + SR | 59.2 ± 4.7 | 8/15 | 23 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | (20 sessions) | Posttest: 4 | ||||
| Zhu | China | EG 1: VT + SR | 65.0 ± 5.7 | 8/12 | 20 | IS, HS | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 2-3 | FMV | 7 d/wk × 3 wk | Baseline | FMA |
| 2017 | (Asia) | EG 2: VT | 62.0 ± 6.5 | 10/10 | 20 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | (21 sessions) | Posttest: 3 | ||||
| CG: SR | 67.0 ± 7.9 | 13/7 | 20 | 4.1 ± 2.3 | ||||||||
Values are presented as means ± standard deviations or medians (ranges or interquartile ranges)
Data present the sample mean value
F, female; M, male; Dx, disease; EG, experimental group; CG, control group; VT, vibration therapy; SR, standard rehabilitation; PLA, placebo; SMS, sensorimotor stimulation; MrT, mirror therapy; NR, not reported; IS, ischemic stroke; HS, hemorrhagic stroke; WBV, whole-body vibration; FMV, focal muscle vibration; MFT, motor function test; WFM, Wolf Motor Function test; FIM, functional independence measure; BI, Barthel index; VR, virtual reality