Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Cases and Controls
| Control(N = 77) n(%) | Case(N = 53) n(%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 0.009 | ||
| <25 | 1(1.3) | 4(7.5) | |
| 25 ≤ Y<30 | 20(26.0) | 23(43.4) | |
| ≥ 30 | 56(72.4) | 26(49.1) | |
| Maternal education level | 0.009 | ||
| Below the undergraduate level | 8(10.4) | 15(28.3) | |
| College or higher | 69(89.6) | 38(71.7) | |
| Paternal education level | 0.002 | ||
| Below the undergraduate level | 8(10.4) | 17(32.1) | |
| College or higher | 69(89.6) | 36(67.9) | |
| Residence | 0.043 | ||
| Urban | 40(51.9) | 18(34.0) | |
| Rural | 37(48.1) | 35(66.0) | |
| Parity | 0.719 | ||
| Primiparous | 47(61.0) | 34(64.2) | |
| Multiparous | 30(39.0) | 19(35.8) | |
| Cold/ Fever in early pregnancy | 0.183 | ||
| no | 44(57.1) | 24(42.3) | |
| yes | 33(42.9) | 29(54.7) | |
| Maternal passive smoking | 0.613 | ||
| no | 47(61.0) | 30(56.6) | |
| yes | 30(39.0) | 23(43.4) | |
| Maternal alcohol consumption | 0.651 | ||
| never/irregularly | 76(98.7) | 52(98.1) | |
| regularly | 1(1.3) | 1(1.9) | |
| Environmental pollutants around the residence* | 0.070 | ||
| no | 40(51.9) | 19(35.8) | |
| yes | 37(48.1) | 34(64.2) | |
| House Renovation | 0.551 | ||
| no | 56(72.7) | 41(77.4) | |
| yes | 21(27.3) | 12(22.6) |
*Environmental pollutants around the residence: Within a 5-minute walking distance from home, there are farmlands/orchards, plastic greenhouses, or busy roads (served by public transportation), chemical emission sources, factories emitting smoke, and public places or large garbage disposal areas with high noise levels