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. 2024 Dec 20;15:494. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-04114-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — NIR irradiation promoted NSC proliferation and astrocyte differentiation (A) Scheme of the experimental design. (B) shRNA-Opn4 injection down-regulated OPN4 and GFAP expression in the hippocampus of mice with NIR irradiation. (C) Immunofluorescence staining for GFAP in the control and shRNA-Opn4 group with NIR irradiation. (D) Quantitative data from immunofluorescence staining (5 slices from 3 mice for each group). Values are presented as mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001. (E) Representative micrographs of NSC sphere formation after NIR irradiation and Opn4 inhibitor (AA92593) treatment. (F) Quantitative data from NSC sphere counts with the indicated treatment. The results from four repeat wells of a 24-well plate. Values are given as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. (G) Photographs of the EdU incorporation assay of NSCs under NIR exposure. (H) Quantitative data from NSC proliferation under illumination across 12–13 randomly selected view fields of the tested samples using ImageJ software. Values are given as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, and ***P < 0.001