Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Variables | NPF(n = 1375) | PPF(n = 962) | Z/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median [q1, q3] | 59 [54, 65] | 59 [54, 66] | -0.83 | 0.404 |
| Gender, n (%) | 4.80 | 0.028 | ||
| Male | 447 (32.51) | 271 (28.17) | ||
| Female | 928 (67.49) | 691 (71.83) | ||
| Education, n (%) | 13.55 | 0.004 | ||
| Primary school and below | 447 (32.51) | 363 (37.73) | ||
| Middle school | 578 (42.04) | 379 (39.40) | ||
| High school or vocational high school | 253 (18.40) | 180 (18.71) | ||
| College and above | 97 (7.05) | 40 (4.16) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.06 | 0.812 | ||
| Unmarried/divorced | 131 (9.53) | 88 (9.15) | ||
| Married/cohabitation | 1244 (90.47) | 874 (90.85) | ||
| Occupation, n (%) | 2.05 | 0.152 | ||
| None | 1052 (76.51) | 761 (79.11) | ||
| In work | 323 (23.49) | 201 (20.89) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | 1.87 | 0.393 | ||
| Never | 1152 (83.78) | 786 (81.70) | ||
| Ever | 103 (7.49) | 78 (8.11) | ||
| Current | 120 (8.73) | 98 (10.19) | ||
| Passive smoking, n (%)* | 0.83 | 0.363 | ||
| No | 959 (74.11) | 681 (75.92) | ||
| Yes | 335 (25.89) | 216 (24.08) | ||
| Drinking, n (%) | 2.27 | 0.321 | ||
| Never | 964 (70.11) | 702 (72.97) | ||
| Ever | 202 (14.69) | 127 (13.20) | ||
| Current | 209 (15.20) | 133 (13.83) | ||
| Live alone, n (%) | 0.44 | 0.509 | ||
| No | 1274 (92.65) | 899 (93.45) | ||
| Yes | 101 (7.35) | 63 (6.55) | ||
| Eat alone, n (%) | 0.05 | 0.821 | ||
| No | 1250 (90.91) | 878 (91.27) | ||
| Yes | 125 (9.09) | 84 (8.73) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | 2.32 | 0.128 | ||
| < 11.25 MET-hours/week | 453 (32.95) | 347 (36.07) | ||
| >=11.25 MET-hours/week | 922 (67.05) | 615 (63.93) | ||
| Body mass index, n (%) | 12.88 | <0.001 | ||
| < 24 kg/m2 | 583 (42.40) | 481 (50.00) | ||
| >=24 kg/m2 | 792 (57.60) | 481 (50.00) | ||
| Depression, n (%) | 0.40 | 0.528 | ||
| No | 1299 (94.47) | 902 (93.76) | ||
| Yes | 76 (5.53) | 60 (6.24) | ||
| Anxiety, n (%) | 0.15 | 0.697 | ||
| No | 1293 (94.04) | 900 (93.56) | ||
| Yes | 82 (5.96) | 62 (6.44) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2.13 | 0.144 | ||
| No | 1210 (88.00) | 866 (90.02) | ||
| Yes | 165 (12.00) | 96 (9.98) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1.05 | 0.306 | ||
| No | 803 (58.40) | 583 (60.60) | ||
| Yes | 572 (41.60) | 379 (39.40) | ||
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 3.79 | 0.052 | ||
| No | 418 (30.40) | 330 (34.30) | ||
| Yes | 957 (69.60) | 632 (65.70) | ||
| Cancer, n (%) | 1.01 | 0.314 | ||
| No | 1351 (98.25) | 951 (98.86) | ||
| Yes | 24 (1.75) | 11 (1.14) | ||
| Nervous system disease, n (%) | 0.03 | 0.869 | ||
| No | 1251 (90.98) | 878 (91.27) | ||
| Yes | 124 (9.02) | 84 (8.73) | ||
| Respiratory disease, n (%) | 16.09 | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 1252 (91.05) | 824 (85.65) | ||
| Yes | 123 (8.95) | 138 (14.35) | ||
| MCI, n (%) | 8.14 | 0.004 | ||
| No | 1256 (91.35) | 843 (87.63) | ||
| Yes | 119 (8.65) | 119 (12.37) |
Notes: MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NPF, normal pulmonary function; PPF, poor pulmonary function
*only 2191 participants reported passive smoking status