Table 3.
Abnormally expressed DEAD-box helicases in esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer and their involved cellular functions and related mechanisms
| Cancer | DEAD-Box Helicase | Cellular Functions | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| EC | DDX5 |
Regulates cell cycle; Promotes EMT process |
Induces autophagy defect and ER stress; Regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway |
| DDX46 | Regulates cell cycle | Regulates NF-κB signaling pathway | |
| DDX51 | Regulates target protein phosphorylation | Regulates PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | |
| GC | DDX5 | Regulates target protein phosphorylation | Regulates mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway |
| DDX6 | Regulates translation | Promotes c-Myc protein expression | |
| DDX18 | Regulates miRNA biogenesis | Regulates PTEN/AKT signaling pathway | |
| DDX21 | Regulates cell cycle | Upregulates Cyclin D1 and CDK2 levels | |
| upregulates CCND1 and Slug expression | |||
| DDX24 | Regulates RNA stability | Regulates HK1 mRNA stability, positively regulates HK1 level at transcriptional level | |
| DDX27 |
Regulates RNA alternative splicing; Promotes EMT process |
Affects DDX27/LPP/EMT regulatory axis | |
| Regulates cell cycle | Regulates cell cycle through TP53-dependent and independent mechanisms | ||
| DDX46 | Regulates target protein phosphorylation | Regulates Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway | |
| DDX56 | Regulates translation | Inhibits FOXO1/p21 Cip1 protein expression, regulates cyclin E1/CDK2/c-Myc signaling pathway | |
| CRC | DDX3 | Regulates transcription | Regulates KRAS/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling pathway |
| Regulates target protein phosphorylation | Regulates CK1ε/Dvl2/β-catenin/TCF signaling pathway | ||
|
Regulates transcription; Regulates cell cycle |
Regulates TCF4 mRNA expression, downstream signaling cascade | ||
| DDX5 | Regulates transcription | Regulates DDX5/β-catenin/FOXM1 axis | |
| Regulates target protein phosphorylation | Regulates DDX5/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway | ||
| DDX10 | Regulates RNA selective splicing | Acts on E2F and downstream signaling pathways through RPL35 | |
| DDX17 |
Regulates miRNA biogenesis; promotes EMT process |
Regulates miR-149-3p/CYBRD1/EMT pathway | |
| DDX21 |
Regulates transcription; Regulates cell cycle |
Interacts with WDR5 to enhance CDK1 transcription, regulates cell cycle | |
|
Interacts with CDC5L, regulates cell cycle; Regulates MMP-2/9 expression | |||
| DDX27 |
Regulates transcription; Regulates cell cycle; Promotes EMT process |
Interacts with NPM1 and p65, regulates NF-κB signaling pathway | |
| Regulates stem cell activity | Regulates stem cell self-renewal phenotype | ||
| DDX39B |
Regulates RNA splicing, export; Regulates cell cycle |
Binds to CCND1/CDK6 to assist in splicing and export, and regulates the cell cycle | |
| Regulates RNA alternative splicing and export | selectively splices TUT pre-mRNA, nuclear export of mRNA, regulates TGFβ/SMAD2 signaling pathway | ||
|
Enhances the stability of target protein; Regulates the nuclear import of target protein |
DDX39B binds to PKM2 and inhibits its ubiquitination degradation; DDX39B, PKM2 and importin α5 complex accelerates nuclear translocation of PKM2 |
||
| DDX46 | Regulates cell cycle |
Inhibits caspase-3 and PARP-1 levels, reduces apoptosis; Promotes cell cycle progression |
|
| DDX56 |
Regulates RNA selective splicing; Regulates cell cycle |
Selectively splices WEE1, promotes cell cycle progression |
CRC: Colorectal cancer, EC: Esophageal carcinoma, GC: Gastric cancer