Table 1.
Prevalence of female piglets with gross and histological manifestations in the umbilicus in Group 1 (piglets caught, lifted, and carried by one hind leg) and Group 2 (piglets caught, lifted, and carried with support under the abdomen), respectively. In addition, the P-value, the relative risk (RR), and the associated 95% confidence interval (CI) of each variable for piglets in Group 1 compared to piglets in Group 2 are presented. WJ = Wharton’s Jelly. *Statistically significant
| Manifestations | Group 1 n = 50 |
Group 2 n = 50 |
RR (95% CI) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross manifestations | ||||
| Umbilical hernia | 14% | 12% | 1.2 (0.4–3.1) | > 0.999 |
| Ulceration | 42% | 52% | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.423 |
| Histopathological manifestations | ||||
| Hyperkeratosis | 100% | 100% | - | - |
| Rete peg formation | 96% | 98% | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | > 0.999 |
| Omphalitis | 68% | 58% | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.408 |
| Abscess | 46% | 44% | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | > 0.999 |
| Granuloma | 8% | 8% | - | - |
| Diffuse inflammation | 60% | 56% | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.840 |
| Bacteria | 40% | 44% | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.840 |
| Haemosiderophages in WJ | 86% | 62% | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.011* |
| Haemorrhage in WJ | 12% | 12% | - | - |
| Granulation tissue in WJ | 78% | 88% | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.287 |