Table 1.
Demographics, Clinical Data, and Treatment Characteristics Between Patients Deceased Due to Malignant Cerebral Edema (MCE) and Non-MCE Causes, Along with Logistic Regression Analysis of Their Associations
| Variables | Non-MCE | MCE | pValue | OR (95% CI) | OR adj (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean years (SD) | 73.53(11.84) | 71.22(11.49) | 0.008 | 0.98 (0.971–0.996) | - | |
| Gender, Male | 181(50.8%) | 172(47.1%) | 0.318 | - | - | |
| pre-mRS≥2 | 16(4.5%) | 13(3.6%) | 0.524 | - | - | |
| Admission NIHSS score, mean (SD) | 19.18(7.72) | 19.36(7.30) | 0.741 | - | - | |
| Admission ASPECTS, mean (SD) | 7.25(1.89) | 6.95(2.02) | 0.04 | 1.003(0.984–1.023) | - | |
| SBP, mean mmHg (SD) | 147.19 (27.41) | 146.23(27.30) | 0.636 | - | - | |
| DBP, mean mmHg (SD) | 84.23 (17.49) | 85.56 (17.15) | 0.303 | - | - | |
| FPG, mean mmol/L (SD) | 9.38(3.98) | 9.66 (4.58) | 0.372 | - | - | |
| Neutrophils, mean 109/L(SD) | 11.21(15.17) | 9.83(10.98) | 0.17 | - | - | |
| Lymphocyte, mean 109/L (SD) | 1.43(1.55) | 1.40(1.20) | 0.782 | - | - | |
| sCr, mean μmol/L (SD) | 91.76 (47.99) | 90.50 (86.30) | 0.812 | - | - | |
| LDL, mean mmol/L (SD) | 2.46(0.92) | 3.13(9.09) | 0.217 | - | - | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 119(33.4%) | 111(30.4%) | 0.385 | - | - | |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 96(27%) | 98(26.8%) | 0.972 | - | - | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 196(55.1%) | 213(58.4%) | 0.371 | - | - | |
| DM, n (%) | 97(27.2%) | 89(24.4%) | 0.38 | - | - | |
| Previous ischemic stroke, n (%) | 59(16.6%) | 43(11.8%) | 0.065 | - | - | |
| Previous hemorrhagic stroke | 7(2%) | 8(2.2%) | 0.832 | - | - | |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 212(59.6%) | 226(61.9%) | 0.515 | - | - | |
| TOAST classification, n (%) | LAA | 138(38.8%) | 133(36.4%) | 0.17 | - | - |
| Cardioembolism | 207(58.1%) | 224(61.4%) | - | - | ||
| Other etiology | 10(2.8%) | 4(1.1%) | - | - | ||
| UE | 1(0.3%) | 4(1.1%) | - | - | ||
| Wake-up stroke | 58(16.5%) | 63(17.5%) | 0.729 | - | - | |
| Onset to admission, min (SD) | 259.27(464.24) | 261.42(525.92) | 0.954 | - | - | |
| Admission to puncture, min (SD) | 124.13(195.38) | 127.99(161.12) | 0.772 | - | - | |
| Puncture to reperfusion, min (SD) | 89.94(55.67) | 109.90(67.23) | <0.001 | 1.005(1.003–1.008) | - | |
| IVT | 94(26.4%) | 111(30.4%) | 0.233 | - | - | |
| Occlusion site, n (%) | MeVO | 56(19.8%) | 14(4.5%) | <0.001 | 5.233(2.842–9.638) | 4.303(1.966–9.415) |
| LVO | 227(80.2%) | 297(95.5%) | - | - | ||
| Tandem occlusion | 49(13.8%) | 48(13.2%) | 0.809 | - | - | |
| pre-ASITN/SIR | Good | 10(2.8%) | 10(2.7%) | 0.96 | - | - |
| Poor | 346(97.2%) | 354(97.3%) | - | - | ||
| Time from onset to puncture | <6h | 254(71.3%) | 257(70.4%) | 0.782 | - | - |
| ≥6h | 102(28.7%) | 108(29.6%) | - | - | ||
| General anesthesia, n (%) | 180(50.6%) | 186(51%) | 0.915 | - | - | |
| *Stenting, n (%) | 48(13.5%) | 38(10.4%) | 0.203 | - | - | |
| Operative time | Daytime | 171(48%) | 166(45.5%) | 0.492 | - | - |
| Nighttime | 185(52%) | 199(54.5%) | - | - | ||
| Successful revascularization, n (%) | 303(85.1%) | 250(68.5%) | <0.001 | 0.38(0.264–0.548) | 0.518(0.302–0.889) | |
| Procedural complications, n (%) | 24(6.7%) | 28(7.7%) | 0.622 | - | - | |
| Interventionalist’s experience, mean years (SD) | 4.08 (1.89) | 4.23 (2.15) | 0.32 | - | - | |
| Aspiration, n (SD) | 1.33(1.27) | 1.47(1.37) | 0.174 | - | - | |
| Stent retrievers, n (SD) | 1.36(1.29) | 1.54(1.27) | 0.059 | - | - | |
| ICH, n (%) | 138(38.8%) | 116(31.8%) | 0.05 | - | - | |
| sICH, n (%) | 120(33.7%) | 100(27.4%) | 0.066 | - | - | |
| Brain herniation | 153(43%) | 357(97.8%) | <0.001 | 59.21(28.49–123.04) | 123.13(46.57–325.61) |
Notes: *= extracranial stenting and/or intracranial stenting; . adj, Adjusted for age, gender, admission ASPECTS, interval of Puncture to reperfusion, occlusion site, successful revascularization, number of stent retrievers, ICH, sICH, brain herniation.
Abbreviations: SD, Standard deviation; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; ASPECTS, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; sCr, serum creatinine; LDL, low density lipoprotein; DM, diabetes mellitus; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis; TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment; LAA, Large artery atherosclerosis. UE, Undetermined etiology; LVO, large-vessel occlusions; MeVO, medium-vessel occlusions; ASITN/SIR, American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/ Society of Interventional Radiology; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; sICH, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.