Table 2.

Relationship between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 3, 4 and 9 with frugal or Jugaad innovation and artificial intelligence (AI), emphasizing the relevant sub-themes for each SDG.

SDG	Sub-themes	Connection to frugal (Jugaad) innovation	Connection to AI
SDG 1: No Poverty	Access to basic services Sustainable livelihoods Social protection	Promotes cost-effective products and services that cater to marginalized populations. Innovations such as affordable healthcare devices, clean energy solutions, and micro-entrepreneurship tools uplift communities out of poverty.	Identifies vulnerable populations through data analysis and offers personalized solutions for poverty alleviation programs. AI-powered platforms can also connect impoverished areas with employment and education opportunities.
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being	Universal health coverage Access to essential medicines Disease prevention and health promotion	Develops low-cost healthcare devices, diagnostics, and telemedicine solutions that increase access to healthcare in rural and under-resourced regions, especially where infrastructure is lacking	Enhances healthcare delivery through predictive diagnostics, personalized medicine, and real-time health monitoring. AI-driven telemedicine platforms extend healthcare access to remote areas.
SDG 4: Quality Education	Inclusive education Access to quality learning resources Skills for future work	Creates low-cost, adaptable educational tools like mobile-based learning applications, ensuring access to education even in resource-constrained areas. This also supports skills development tailored to local needs.	Offers personalized learning experiences, language translation, and virtual tutors. AI also assists in automating administrative tasks, allowing teachers to focus on quality education.
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure	Sustainable industrialization Innovation Resilient infrastructure	Focuses on creating low-cost, efficient, and sustainable solutions, leveraging local resources and minimal infrastructure, ideal for developing economies where large-scale industrial investments are limited.	Optimizes processes for innovation, improving efficiency and scalability in industries. AI-driven predictive models aid in infrastructure maintenance and development.