Table 1.

Effects of dietary AFB₁ contamination on different fish species.

Species	Dose	Effect	Reference
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	100 ppb 200 ppb	Growth impaired Mortality	El-Banna et al. [56]
	2000 or 4000 ppb	Reduced weight gain and decreased body lipid content	Hussain, Manteen, and Gatlin [5]
	200 ppb	Decreased total erythrocyte and leucocyte count, serum liver enzymes leakage, hemoglobin count decreased; reduced weight gain	Selim, El-hofy, and Khalil [44]
	375, 752, 940, 1500, 1880, 3000 ppb	Decreased FI and growth rate, liver atrophy	Chávez-Sánchez, Martinez-Palacios, and Osorio-Moreno [57]
	100,000 ppb	Lipofuscin and irregularly hepatocellular nuclei, weight loss, severe hepatic necrosis, and mortality	Tuan et al. [58]
	100 ppb	Increased liver enzymes, reduced growth rate, and weight gain	Mahfouz and Sherif [66]
	100 ppb	Weight loss, changes in blood parameters, and liver necrosis	Abdelhamid et al. [67]
	3000 ppb	Lower SGR	Shehata, El-Melegy, and Ebrahim [68]
	200, 250 ppb	Mortality	Naiel, Ismael, and Shehata [69]
	100 ppb	Severe liver tissue vacuolation and lipid accumulation	Kenawy et al. [70]
	100 ppb	Decreased growth	Encarnacao et al. [71]
	150 ppb	Serious toxic impacts and negative effects on health performance	Mehrim and Salem [72]; Zychowski et al. [73]
Tetrahybrid red tilapia	<5 ppb	Pale gills, liver damage, poor growth rates, and immune suppression	Conroy [74]
Rohu (L. rohita)	1250 ppb	Reduction in nonspecific immunity	Sahoo and Mukherjee [75]
	7500, 1125 ppb 1250, 2500 ppb 12,000, 13,300 ppb	Acute toxicity Subchronic toxicity Necrosis of gill lamellae, primary lamellar hyperplasia	Sahoo and Mukerjee [76]
	10, 20 ppb 40 ppb	Liver tissue mild edema Swollen hepatocytes, kidney mild hemorrhages, decrease total erythrocyte, and hemoglobin count	Mohapatra et al. [77]
	25, 50 ppb 100 ppb	Reduced growth performance, growth depression Reduced growth indices and survival rate	Bhatt et al. [49]
	100 ppb	Cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes and hepatic tissue showing loss of membrane integrity, along with diffused hepatocytes and hyperplasia	Bhatt et al. [78]
	1250 ppb	Increased serum lysozyme activity, enhanced phagocytic ratio, and immunostimulatory effects	Sahoo and Mukherjee [76]
Seabass (D. labrax)	180 ppb 18 ppb 4.25 ± 0.85 ppb	Abnormal behavioral Increased ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes, decrease in plasma proteins Serious health problems in exposed fish and a high risk to fish consumers	El-Sayed and Khalil [79]
Rainbow trout (O. mykiss)	500 ppb	Acute toxicities	Lovell [80]
	810 ppb	Acute toxicities	Bauer, Li, and Sinnuhuber [81]
	25 ppb≥ 50 ppb≤	Persisting inflammatory response without mortality Decreased LYZ, TP, and ALB and increased inflammatory cytokines Villi destruction and necrosis, hyperplasia, and edema of gill lamellae	Ghafarifarsani et al. [50]
	25 ppb≥ 50 ppb≤ 50 ppb	Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the underlying layers, necrosis, hyperplasia, atrophy, and severe destruction of gills Liver tissue damage and hepatocyte changes	Imani et al. [82]
	50 ppb	Destruction of intestinal villi	Mahmoudi et al. [83]
Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)	100 ppb	Negatively affected liver catalase activity and intestinal microbiota	Zhang et al. [84]
Silver catfish, Jundia (R. quelen)	204 ppb 350 ppb	Lower weight and length gain Alterations in the liver and tissues	Lopes et al. [85]
Channel catfish (I. punctatus)	10,000 ppb	Decreased growth performance, anemia, and liver and gastric necrosis	Jantrarotai and Lovell [64]
	12,000 ppb	Regurgitating stomach contents, pale organs of moribund fish, istological lesions, and mortality	Jantrarotai, Lovell, and Grizzle [86]
Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)	200 ppb<	Growth performance (WG, SGR), lower survival rate, and increased FCR	Wang et al. [87]
Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus)	500, 1000 ppb 50, 100, 250 ppb	Increased HIS AST, ALT, and liver damage	Gonçalves et al. [88]
White surgeon (H. huso)	75, 100 ppb	Altered feed conversion and weight gain and decreases in growth	Sepahdari et al. [55]
Juvenile hybrid sturgeon (A. ruthenus ♂ × A. baeri ♀)	40 ppb 80 ppb	Mortality High mortality, decreased hematocrit value, nuclear hypertrophy, and hyperchromasia	Raghavan et al. [18]
Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus)	1500 ppb 3500 ppb	8% mortality 50% mortality	Santacroce et al. [7]
	75, 100 ppb	Bleeding points in the gills and head, hyperplasia and destruction of the epithelial tissue of the gills lamellae, and necrosis of the liver cell	Motallebi Moghanjouei [89]
	1500, 1850, 2300, 2850, 3500 ppb	Increased liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and mortality rate	Jalilpour et al. [90]
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)	147 ppb	Suppressed Nrf2 signaling—a decrease in growth and antioxidant enzymes—and disruption of the integrity and TJ protein	Zeng et al. [91]
	85.94 ppb<	Decreased expression of genes β-defensin-1, LEAP-2A, Mucin2, and LEAP-2B	He et al. [92]
Gibel crap (C. gibelio)	5 ppb	Reduced growth	Han et al. [45]
	2000 ppb<	Fecundity is reduced and tissue accumulation	Huang et al. [93]
Common carp (C. carpio)	100,000 ppb	Immunosuppression	Sahoo and Mukherjee [94]
	200, 400 ppb	No mortality	Al-Rubaiy et al. [95]; Tasa et al. [96]
	500, 1000, 2000 ppb	Decreased weight gain, histopathological changes	Rhadi, Rudainy, and Attee [97]
Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)	10,000 ppb	Acute toxicities	Schoental [98]
Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)	4640 ppb	Acute toxicities and mortality	McKean et al. [99]
Tambaqui fingerlings (Colossoma macropomum)	500 ppb<	Decreases in the WG, FI, and FE	Nunes et al. [100]
Lambari fish (Astyanax altiparanae)	10 ppb	Accumulation in fish liver and muscle	Michelin et al. [101]

Abbreviations: ALB, albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; FCR, feed conversion ratio; FE, feed efficiency; FI, feed intake; HIS, hepatosomatic index; LYZ, lysozyme; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; SGR, specific growth rate; TJ, tight junction; TP, total protein; WG, weight gain.